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<TABLE><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Preface</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT"></TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Acknowledgments</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT"></TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Introduction: Writing New H(er)stories for Francophone Women of Africa and the Caribbean</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">1</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">1</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">The Politics of Race and Patriarchy in Suzanne Lacascade's Claire-Solange, ame africaine</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">37</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">2</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Home Is Where I Eat My Bread: Multiculturality and Becoming Multiple in Leila Hoauri's Zeida de nulle part</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">51</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">3</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Self-Loathing, Self-Sacrifice: Michele Lacrosil's Cajou and Myriam Warner-Vieyria's Juletane</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">73</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">4</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Out(in)side the Confinement of Cultures: Marie Chauvet's Amour, Colere, et Folie and Mariama Ba's Un Chant ecarlate</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">97</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">5</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Rooms and Prisons, Sex and Sin: Places of Sequestration in Nina Bouraoui's La Voyeuse Interdite and Calixthe Beyala's Tu t'appelleras Tanga</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">125</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">6</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">War, Revolution, and Family Matters: Yamina Mechakra's La Grotte eclatee and Hajer Djilani's Et Pourtant le ciel etait bleu</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">147</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">7</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Feminine Voices and H(er)stories: Simone Schwarz-Bart's Pluie et Vent sur Telumee Miracle and Aminata Sow Fall's Douceurs du bercail</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">165</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Epilogue: Transgressing Boundaries, Reconstructing Stories</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">181</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Bibliography</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">187</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Index</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">193</TD></TABLE>

<br> Fiction. African American Studies. Translated from the French. AMONG THE BLACKS consists of two works: Ron Padgett's translation of Raymond Roussel's early story "Parmi les noirs," first published in 1935 in his book Comment j'ai ecrit certain de mes livres, together with Padgett's memoir focusing upon his own experience among black people. Roussel's story, about a master mariner named White who encounters an African chief named Booltable, is built upon the kind of whimsical and extravagant word play (its first and last sentences are identical except for one letter in one word--"pooltable"/ "Booltable") for which Roussel was idolized by the French Surrealists. In contrast, as he writes in his Afterword, Padgett's memoir "grew out of the nagging need to come to grips with the frustrations of being a white American who had grown up in a racist environment and who, despite his rejections of racism at an early age, had rarely felt unselfconscious in the company of a black person." "What he leaves us with is a work that is like the perfectly preserved temple of a cult which has disappeared without a trace, or a complicated set of tools whose use cannot be discovered. But even though we may never be able to 'use' [Roussel's] work in the way he hoped, we can still admire its inhuman beauty, and be stirred by a language that seems always on the point of revealing its secret, of pointing the way back to the 'republic of dreams' whose insignia blazed on his forehead"--John Ashbery.

<p><P>Dave Eggers is the editor of McSweeney's and a cofounder of 826 National, a network of nonprofit writing and tutoring centers for youth, located in seven cities across the United States. He is the author of four books, including What Is the What and How We Are Hungry.<P><P><P>David Sedaris is the author of six books, including <b>When You Are Engulfed in Flames, Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim,</b> and <b>Me Talk Pretty One Day.</b> He is a regular contributor to <b>The New Yorker</b> and Public Radio International's <b>This American Life.</b></p>

<p><P>An&#160;eclectic volume introduced by David Sedaris and compiled by Dave Eggers and students of his San Francisco writing center, who don&#8217;t leave a stone unturned in their search for nonrequired gems. <P>&#160;<P>Cover art by art by Maurice Sendak.</p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>David Sedaris's unflappable inventiveness translates, in the first section of this anthology, to a smattering of pieces with giddiness, daring, and heart. A particular highlight, by Wendy Molyneux, earned his award for "Best American Woman Comedy Piece Written by a Woman" and is guaranteed to set off snorts of delight with each re-read. In the second section, as in previous years, Eggers's picks prove solid and balanced, if expected. Rana Dasgupta's superb article, exploring India's new wealth and subsequent fallout, as well as David Rhode's profound and gripping account of his seven months as a Taliban hostage reflect not only the literary achievements of 2009, but also the horrors and complexities of these current times on. Meanwhile, Tea Obreht's "The Tiger's Wife" and Kurt Vonnegut's "The Nice Little People" embody the ageless miracles of surprise and originality that comprise the human imagination. (Oct.)</p>

<p>Editor's Note xi</p> <p>Introduction David Sedaris xv</p> <p>I</p> <p>Best American Woman Comedy Piece Written by a Woman: From therumpus.net Wendy Molyneux 3</p> <p>Best American Sentences on Page 50 of Books Published in 2009 5</p> <p>Best American Magazine Letters Section: From Newsweek Stephen Colbert 8</p> <p>Best American Fast-Food-Related Crimes 10</p> <p>Best American Gun Magazine Headlines 11</p> <p>Best American Six-Word Memoirs on Love and Heartbreak: From Six-Word Memoirs on Love and Heartbreak 13</p> <p>Best American New Patents: From United States Patent and Trademark Office 14</p> <p>Best American Tweets: From twitter.com 16</p> <p>Best American Letter to the Editor: From Bidoun 17</p> <p>Best American Overqualified Cover Letters: From Overqualified Joey Comeau 18</p> <p>Best American Fictional Character Names 22</p> <p>Best American 350-Word Story: From Orion Barry Lopez 23</p> <p>Best American Farm Names 24</p> <p>Best American First Lines of Poems Published in 2009 26</p> <p>Best American Journal Article Titles Published in 2009 28</p> <p>Best American Illustrated Missed Connections: From missedconnectionsny.blogspot.com Sophie Blackall 29</p> <p>Best American New Band Names 37</p> <p>Best American Lawsuits 38</p> <p>Best American Poems Written in the Last Decade or So by Soldiers and Citizens in Iraq and Afghanistan 40</p> <p>II</p> <p>War Dances: From War Dances Sherman Alexie 49</p> <p>Like I Was Jesus: From Harper's Magazine Rachel Aviv 75</p> <p>Burying Jeremy Green: From Shenandoah Nora Bonner 95</p> <p>The Carnival: From Mome Lilli Carré 104</p> <p>Capital Gains: From Granta Rana Dasgupta 137</p> <p>The Encirclement: From Granta Tamas Dobozy 165</p> <p>Man of Steel: From Ninth Letter Bryan Furuness 180</p> <p>Half Beat: From The Greensboro Review Elizabeth Gonzalez 198</p> <p>Gentlemen, Start Your Engines: From San Francisco Panorama Andrew Sean Greer 213</p> <p>Didier Lefèvre, and Frédéric Lemercier. The Photographer: From The Photographer, translated from French by Alexis Siegel Emmanuel Guibert 238</p> <p>What, of this Goldfish, Would You Wish?: From Tin House, translated from Hebrew by Nathan Englander Etgar Keret 262</p> <p>Fed to The Streets: From L.A. Weekly Courtney Moreno 268</p> <p>The Tiger's Wife: From The New Yorker Téa Obreht 287</p> <p>Breakdown: From Mome T. Ott 308</p> <p>Ideas: From The Paris Review, translated from Spanish by Mara Faye Lethem Patricio Pron 316</p> <p>Vanish: From Wired Evan Ratliff 323</p> <p>Seven Months, Ten Days in Captivity: From New York Times David Rohde 345</p> <p>Tent City, U. S. A.: From GQ George Saunders 395</p> <p>The Nice Little People: From Zoetrope: All-Story Kurt Vonnegut 431</p> <p>Freedom: From Boston Review Amy Waldman 439</p> <p>Contributors' Notes 456</p> <p>The Best American Nonrequired Reading Committee 463</p> <p>Notable Nonrequired Reading of 2009 472</p> <p>About 826 National 479</p>

<article> <h4>Publishers Weekly</h4>David Sedaris's unflappable inventiveness translates, in the first section of this anthology, to a smattering of pieces with giddiness, daring, and heart. A particular highlight, by Wendy Molyneux, earned his award for "Best American Woman Comedy Piece Written by a Woman" and is guaranteed to set off snorts of delight with each re-read. In the second section, as in previous years, Eggers's picks prove solid and balanced, if expected. Rana Dasgupta's superb article, exploring India's new wealth and subsequent fallout, as well as David Rhode's profound and gripping account of his seven months as a Taliban hostage reflect not only the literary achievements of 2009, but also the horrors and complexities of these current times on. Meanwhile, Tea Obreht's "The Tiger's Wife" and Kurt Vonnegut's "The Nice Little People" embody the ageless miracles of surprise and originality that comprise the human imagination. (Oct.) </article>

<p><P>David Wagoner writes about regular lives with plain grace and transcendent humanity, and the seventy-five poems he has chosen for the 2009 edition of <i>The Best American Poetry</i> grapple with life, celebrate freedom, and teem with imaginative energy. With engaging notes from the poets, Wagoner's superb introductory essay, series editor David Lehman's astute foreword about the current state of poetry and criticism, and cover art from the beloved poet John Ashbery, <i>The Best American Poetry 2009</i> is a memorable and delightful addition to a series dedicated to showcasing the work of poets at their best.<br></p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>From the moment series editor David Lehman invokes the myth of Jacob wrestling the Angel in his introduction, the gloves are off in this year's installment of this popular annual anthology. Lehman devotes much of his introduction to throwing jabs at longtime sparring partner and professional poetry grump William Logan, whom Lehman calls &ldquo;wounded&rdquo; and &ldquo;thin skinned.&rdquo; Guest editor Wagoner chooses to abstain from the scuffle, but there's no denying the aesthetic character amassed by the poems he's selected&#58; American poets not only want to talk about their country this year, they want to talk violence in (and toward) their country. &ldquo;They came to blow up America,&rdquo; writes John Ashbery, followed hard on his heels by Mark Bibbins, who warns our fifth state, &ldquo;Connecticut! we're sawing you in half.&rdquo; Denise Duhamel envisions &ldquo;How It Will End&rdquo; (&ldquo;We look around, but no one is watching us&rdquo;) and Rob Cook, in his bold and incantatory &ldquo;Song of America,&rdquo; tells us, &ldquo;I'm raising my child to drown and drop dead and to carry buildings on his back.&rdquo; It appears our poets are at last ready to confront the hysteria and violence of the past eight years, and who can say there's a better year than 2009 to begin. (Sept.)</p>

<p>This singular collection is nothing less than a political, spiritual, and intensely personal record of America’s tumultuous modern age, as experienced by our foremost critics, commentators, activists, and artists. Joyce Carol Oates has collected a group of works that are both intimate and important, essays that move from personal experience to larger significance without severing the connection between speaker and audience.<br> From Ernest Hemingway covering bullfights in Pamplona to Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” these essays fit, in the words of Joyce Carol Oates, “into a kind of mobile mosaic suggest[ing] where we’ve come from, and who we are, and where we are going.” Among those whose work is included are Mark Twain, John Muir, T. S. Eliot, Richard Wright, Vladimir Nabokov, James Baldwin, Tom Wolfe, Susan Sontag, Maya Angelou, Alice Walker, Joan Didion, Cynthia Ozick, Saul Bellow, Stephen Jay Gould, Edward Hoagland, and Annie Dillard.</p>

Foreword<br> The Essay in the Twentieth Century<br> When I was very young, my father purchased a small, uniform set of <br> cheap literary classics. Why, I never knew. He was not a reader. <br> Perhaps he had been duped by a door-to-door salesman. Perhaps he had <br> aspirations for his children. The books crowded the only bookshelf in <br> a cramped two-family house hedged in by humming factories on a narrow <br> street that dead-ended into the mysterious and spectacular sumac-<br> lined banks of the Passaic River in Paterson, New Jersey. As a result <br> of his once-in-a-lifetime purchase I grew up with the privilege of <br> knowing that Emerson was not merely the name of a television set.<br> <br> I found Emerson's message bracing and liberating. I can see <br> it now as self-help elevated to the highest literary standard, but <br> reading "Self-Reliance" as an adolescent I simply took heart from his <br> exhortations to resist conformity, trust in oneself, and not feel <br> pressured by conventions, parties, and authority: "I am ashamed to <br> think how easily we capitulate to badges and names, to large <br> societies and dead institutions," he said. "If I know your sect, I <br> anticipate your argument," he said. "Insist on yourself; never <br> imitate," he said. He warned about the physical pain of forced smiles <br> and acknowledged the advantages of being misunderstood. If the <br> writings of the medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides comprised a <br> Guide for the Perplexed, Emerson's essays provided a Guide for the <br> Intimidated. His independent, freethinking, inquisitive mind shaped <br> American thought and writing, and his spiritual heirsinvented the <br> twentieth-century essay.<br> Although Emerson may be said to hover over the volume, his <br> presence can be detected more directly in one of his most prominent <br> descendants, William James. Although this selection of great American <br> essays begins in 1901, one could argue that the symbolic origins of <br> the twentieth-century essay go back to the day in 1842 when Emerson <br> was invited by the James family to visit their New York apartment <br> and "bless" young William in his cradle. As a teacher, lecturer, <br> physician, scientist, and one of the founders of modern psychology, <br> William James would exert a powerful influence over the new century. <br> Two of his students, W.E.B. Du Bois and Gertrude Stein, would <br> permanently alter the course of the American essay by initiating two <br> new modes of literary introspection: Du Bois's "double-consciousness" <br> grounded in racial identity and Stein's experiments with "stream of <br> consciousness." Both originated in the critical first decade of the <br> century, and their literary legacies can be felt throughout this <br> collection.<br> The twentieth-century essay also emerged from a resistance to <br> the "familiar" or "polite" essay that had been a literary staple of <br> the preceding era. Proper, congenial, Anglophilic, the genteel essay <br> survived, even against the skepticism and irascibility of the Mark <br> Twains, Randolph Bournes, and H. L. Menckens, who did their best to <br> bury it. By the 1930s, however, some writers were lamenting its <br> demise, and in the most curious metaphors. "The familiar essay, that <br> lavender-scented little old lady of literature, has passed away," one <br> wrote, regretting that magazines now filled their pages with "crisp <br> articles, blatant exposés, or statistic-laden surveys," and <br> concluding that one day "her pale ghost will not appear at all, and <br> the hard young sociologists can have her pages all to themselves." <br> But the "pale ghost" did not vanish all at once. It lived on in <br> college courses and gave the essay a bad name for decades. The goal <br> of English teachers, the novelist Kurt Vonnegut recalls, was to get <br> you "to write like cultivated Englishmen of a century or more ago."<br> This collection features none of those "lavender-scented" <br> essays, not even for historical reasons. Our object was not to <br> construct a Museum of the American Essay. Although some vestiges <br> of "gentility" or essayistic "leisure" may have seeped in here and <br> there, the ruling idea behind the volume was that the essays should <br> speak to the present, not merely represent the past. So you will find <br> more "hard young sociologists" here than "cultivated" literati. After <br> all, some of those young social scientists were Jane Addams, Zora <br> Neale Hurston, and a youthful Saul Bellow, who happened to be <br> studying sociology and anthropology at Northwestern at precisely the <br> same time the genteel essayists were lamenting their own demise. The <br> sociologists, accompanied by such self-taught social critics as <br> Edmund Wilson, Richard Wright, and James Agee, brought the essay out <br> of the library and into the American factories, city streets, <br> courthouses, and tenant farms. For many of them, ardent pacifists and <br> reformers, writing essays would amount to what James called "the <br> moral equivalent of war."<br> Unlike their predecessors, twentieth-century essayists were <br> eager to confront inner as well as outer strife. To be sure, the <br> genteel essay was personal, but no matter how "familiar," it always <br> politely stopped short of full disclosure. Here, too, William James <br> made his presence felt. The brilliant chapters "The Divided Self" <br> and "The Sick Soul" in his monumental The Varieties of Religious <br> Experience (1902) would become a valuable resource for essayists <br> seeking ways to articulate despair, breakdowns, aberrant states of <br> consciousness, psychic confusion, the ineffable in general. F. Scott <br> Fitzgerald's famous observation in "The Crack-Up" - "The test of a <br> first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in <br> the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function" -<br> laid out a course for future essayists and expanded the <br> possibilities of self-disclosure. As writers began amplifying the <br> personal essay into what is now known singularly as "the memoir," the <br> processes of confession would know no limits.<br> What next? Will this new century reject our "best" essays as <br> dramatically as the twentieth discarded those of James Russell Lowell <br> and Oliver Wendell Holmes? The 1890s, too, saw astonishing changes in <br> technology, rapid changes that frightened Henry Adams as he wondered <br> what the "Law of Acceleration" would finally lead to. We have reached <br> his speculative end point - visionary though he was, he never <br> imagined a world transformed by electronics. The Internet is already <br> generating new sources of essays. Will it somehow channel the usual <br> processes of prose into new literary forms the way some thought the <br> typewriter had once done? Will young essayists discover audiences <br> without having to sweat through the hundreds of rejection slips James <br> Thurber received before he could break into print? And will they do <br> what few from any century have ever done: make a living writing <br> essays? These remain to be seen, but what I think we can say for <br> certain is that whatever new forms the essay takes, if they are <br> wonderful, they will have the blessing of William James and his <br> legitimate heirs.<br> <br> About This Collection<br> This volume is not a "best of the best." I founded The Best American <br> Essays series in 1986, and therefore Joyce Carol Oates and I had only <br> a small slice of the century to provide us with essays that had <br> already achieved an annual "best" status. Only seven of the essays in <br> this volume come from the series. We wish we could have included many <br> more of the superb contemporary writers who have contributed to the <br> yearly books, but it was of course not possible. Our consolation is <br> that their work is still accessible to readers and that the annual <br> books are for the most part available in libraries and bookstores. It <br> was important that we include writers from previous generations who <br> may not be well known to today's readers and who in our opinion still <br> very much deserve an audience.<br> I proceeded with this book in much the same way that I have <br> with the annual volumes. I screened a good number of essays - though <br> far, far more than usual - and turned them over to Joyce Carol Oates <br> for a final decision. There were hundreds of essays to consider and <br> so little space. But we winnowed and winnowed and arrived at these <br> fifty-five. We tried to include the best of as many different kinds <br> of essay as possible - personal, critical, philosophical, humorous, <br> pastoral, autobiographical, scientific, documentary, political. <br> Obviously we had to pull back in many cases. A comparable volume <br> could be assembled to showcase each one of these categories. I also <br> exercised one final choice: I insisted that Oates's essay from The <br> Best American Essays 1996, "They All Just Went Away," be included.<br> "Essays end up in books," Susan Sontag writes, "but they <br> start their lives in magazines." That fact may not interest many <br> readers, but it played a large role in the research for this book, <br> since between an essay's debut in a periodical and its inclusion in a <br> collection, a good deal of revision often occurs. Vladimir Nabokov's <br> memoir of his father, for example, went through three very distinct <br> publishing stages. It began life as "The Perfect Past" in The New <br> Yorker in 1950, but Nabokov, dissatisfied with some of the editing, <br> returned to his original typescript when he included (and expanded) <br> it as the opening chapter of his 1951 autobiography, Conclusive <br> Evidence. When he revised that book as Speak, Memory: An <br> Autobiography Revisited in 1966, he expanded the essay yet again. Of <br> the three published versions, we chose - as we did with many of the <br> selections - to reprint the final version, as it would reflect and <br> respect the author's final decisions. But in some instances <br> (consistency "is the hobgoblin of little minds," Emerson said), we <br> selected the first or a different published version.<br> Some essays start out looking like essays only to reemerge in <br> unexpected contexts. James Agee's lovely childhood <br> reminiscence, "Knoxville: Summer of 1915," started out in Partisan <br> Review in 1938 but was given a new twist when an editor cleverly <br> borrowed and italicized it in 1957 to serve as the introduction to <br> Agee's posthumously published novel, A Death in the Family. Other <br> essays in this book were also put to service by their authors to <br> introduce works of fiction: Richard Wright's "The Ethics of Living <br> Jim Crow" became the preface to his collection of stories Uncle Tom's <br> Children, and N. Scott Momaday's "The Way to Rainy Mountain" now <br> serves as the prologue to his popular novel of the same title.<br> I discovered that there is rarely only one version of an <br> essay. Susan Sontag's useful observation sometimes gets reversed: an <br> essay starts out in book form and ends up in a magazine. Several <br> essays in this volume were skillfully carved out of books and re-<br> created either by their authors or a magazine's editors as <br> independent essays. Usually, what's required is the removal of the <br> interstitial glue that connects a book's separate chapters. For <br> example, the opening sections of Maya Angelou's 1970 memoir, I Know <br> Why the Caged Bird Sings, were transformed into a memorable childhood <br> reminiscence of the same title in Harper's Magazine.<br> Because essays may go through so many publishing variations, <br> settling on a precise date for each selection was no easy matter. I <br> proceeded largely case by case. Nabokov's 1966 essay on his father <br> was so transformed from its 1950 origins that it seemed only <br> reasonable to use the later date. So, too, I decided to use the final <br> publication date for John Muir's Alaskan adventures with his <br> unforgettable companion Stickeen; it was that version, and not the <br> earlier and now forgotten essay, that became his most popular work. <br> But occasionally I thought it would be misleading to use the final <br> date of publication. Langston Hughes's "Bop," for example, clearly <br> comes out of the forties; though it was revised considerably for <br> subsequent book publication, to place it in a later decade would <br> distort its contemporary flavor. An essay like Mark Twain's "Corn-<br> pone Opinions," never published in the author's lifetime, is listed <br> by date of composition.<br> For the reader's convenience, I have attached brief notes to <br> each essay outlining its publishing history and supplying relevant <br> contextual information. I have placed an asterisk before the source <br> used for this collection. I have also translated foreign words and <br> phrases within brackets when it seemed necessary. Additional <br> information is contained in the Biographical Notes in the back of the <br> book, where I included pertinent information on the writer's career, <br> relevant details to establish a context for the selected essay, and <br> titles of books and collections (with the emphasis on nonfiction) <br> that will direct interested readers to more books by that writer.<br> Writers and magazine editors interested in submitting <br> published essays for the annual volumes should send complimentary <br> issues, subscriptions, or appropriate material to Robert Atwan, <br> Series Editor, The Best American Essays, Box 220, Readville, <br> Massachusetts 02137-9998. Criteria and guidelines can be found in the <br> annual book.<br> Acknowledgments<br> As I researched books and periodicals for this unprecedented volume, <br> I often felt like Henry Adams, poised at the crossroads of two time <br> periods: the rapidly accelerating age of cyberspace that instantly <br> furnishes vast amounts of information and the old-fashioned era of <br> dim library stacks and dusty, out-of-print books. The experience was <br> both high-tech and low-tech. If it was satisfying to sit at my desk <br> and click a few keys for immediate access to material that only a few <br> years ago would have required frequent library visits, it was even <br> more satisfying to hold in my hand hardcover first editions of books <br> like Martin Luther King's Why We Can't Wait or H. L. Mencken's <br> Prejudices. Even obtaining these books involved travel in both <br> worlds: through the Internet I could enter my local library's <br> regional network, discover books it didn't own, and conveniently <br> order them online. A day or two later - and sometimes within hours - <br> I would be experiencing the tactile and intellectual pleasures of <br> handling some of the treasured pieces of our literary heritage. For <br> their invaluable assistance, then, I want to thank especially the <br> staff of the Milton Public Library as well as all the other <br> institutions connected with the Old Colony Library Network in <br> Massachusetts.<br> What I was unable to find, my researcher could. Much of the <br> knottier research - establishing the original source or date of an <br> essay, or tracking down an elusive periodical - was performed by <br> Donna Ashley, who relied on the superb resources of the libraries at <br> the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, Boston <br> College, and the Boston Public Library. Nearly all of the source <br> notes attached to each essay derive from her dogged research; without <br> her assistance this project might have taken another year to <br> complete. I want to thank, too, Arthur Johnson for his generous help <br> in providing permissions data for all of the essays. I borrowed a <br> good deal of biographical information about the essayists from some <br> of my previous anthologies and would like to thank a few coeditors <br> for their contributions: Martha Banta, Bruce Forer, Justin Kaplan, <br> Donald McQuade, David Minter, Jon Roberts, Robert Stepto, and William <br> Vesterman. I'm enormously grateful to Charles H. Christensen for his <br> advice and encouragement over the years. The Houghton Mifflin staff <br> has been helpful and supportive as always, and I'd like to thank <br> Janet Silver, Sean Lawler, Larry Cooper, Bridget Marmion, Dean <br> Johnson, and Bruce Cantley for all their efforts. My wife, Hélène <br> Atwan, kindly read over portions of the manuscript and offered many <br> valuable suggestions for which I am very grateful. Finally, it was a <br> great pleasure to work once again with Joyce Carol Oates. Her broad <br> knowledge of American writing and her literary judgment transformed <br> what seemed like a paralyzing critical task - reducing several <br> hundred great essays to a mere fifty-five - into a spirited, <br> illuminating assessment of the modern American essayist's struggle to <br> encompass the creative energies and social emergencies of a century <br> that had no shortage of either.<br> Robert Atwan <br> <br> Introduction<br> The Art of the (American) Essay<br> Here is a history of America told in many voices.<br> It's an elliptical tale, or a compendium of tales, of the <br> American twentieth century by way of individual essays that, fitting <br> together into a kind of mobile mosaic, suggest where we've come from, <br> and who we are, and where we are going. In his probing, <br> provocative "The Creation Myth of Cooperstown," Stephen Jay Gould <br> asks: "Why do we prefer creation myths to evolutionary stories?" The <br> more we know of history, of both the natural and the civilized <br> worlds, the more we understand that our tangled lives are ever <br> evolving, and that our culture, far from being timeless, is a living <br> expression of Time.<br> The essay, in its directness and intimacy, in its first-<br> person authority, is the ideal literary form to convey such a vision. <br> By tradition essays have been categorized as formal or informal; yet <br> it can be argued that all essays are an expression of the human voice <br> addressing an imagined audience, seeking to shift opinion, to <br> influence judgment, to appeal to another in his or her common <br> humanity. Even the most artfully composed essay suggests a <br> naturalness of discourse. As our precursor Montaigne advised, "We <br> must remove the mask."<br> The essays in this volume have all been written by writers <br> who have published at least one collection of essays or nonfiction. <br> Not only did this principle allow the editors a reasonable means of <br> limiting selections, it is an acknowledgment that writing is a <br> vocation, not merely an avocation. In a historical overview of a <br> century virtually teeming with talent, I wanted to honor those <br> writers who have made writing their life's work. I didn't see my role <br> as one to reward the lucky amateur who writes a single good essay, <br> then disappears forever. Better to search for little-known but <br> excellent essays by, for instance, writers of historical significance <br> like John Jay Chapman, Jane Addams, Edmund Wilson. Most of the essays <br> are "informal"; but this isn't to suggest that they are innocent, <br> unmediated utterances lacking the stratagems of art. Even Mark <br> Twain's "Corn-pone Opinions," delivered in the author's <br> characteristic forthright voice, is driven by a passionate <br> intellectual conviction regarding the gullibility of mankind and the <br> tragic consequences of this gullibility.<br> My general theme in the assemblage of this volume has been a <br> search for the expression of personal experience within the <br> historical, the individual talent within the tradition (to paraphrase <br> T. S. Eliot). My preference was always to essays that, springing from <br> intense personal experience, are nonetheless significantly linked to <br> larger issues, even if, as in the case of James Thurber and S. J. <br> Perelman, these issues are viewed playfully. The emotion I felt when <br> beginning to read most of the essays gathered here was one of great <br> excitement and anticipation; even, at times, a distinct visceral <br> thrill. As an editor, I am primarily a reader. I could not <br> countenance including essays out of duty's sake that, in fact, I <br> found deadly dull. For the many essays considered for this volume, <br> the majority of which ultimately had to be excluded, I was the ideal <br> reader: I wanted to like what I read, and I was committed to reading <br> the entire essay with sympathy. If you will substitute "literature" <br> for "poetry" in this famous remark in a letter of Emily Dickinson's, <br> you have my basic criterion for the work included in The Best <br> American Essays of the Century: "If I read a book [and] it makes my <br> whole body so cold no fire can ever warm me I know that is poetry. If <br> I feel physically as if the top of my head were taken off, I know <br> that is poetry."<br> And what powerful openings in certain of these exemplary <br> essays:<br> We are met to commemorate the anniversary of one of the most terrible <br> crimes in history - not for the purpose of condemning it, but to <br> repent of our share in it.<br> - John Jay Chapman, "Coatesville" (1912)<br> The knowledge of the existence of Devil Baby burst upon the residents <br> of Hull House one day when three Italian women, with an excited rush <br> through the door, demanded that he be shown to them.<br> - Jane Addams, "The Devil Baby at Hull-House" (1916)<br> Of course all life is a process of breaking down, but the blows that <br> do the dramatic side of the work - the big sudden blows that come, or <br> seem to come, from outside - the ones you remember and blame things <br> on and, in moments of weakness, tell your friends about, don't show <br> their effect all at once. There is another sort of blow that comes <br> from within - that you don't feel until it's too late to do anything <br> about it, until you realize with finality that in some regard you <br> will never be as good a man again.<br> - F. Scott Fitzgerald, "The Crack-Up" (1936)<br> The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our <br> existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of <br> darkness.<br> - Vladimir Nabokov, "Perfect Past" (1950)<br> On the twenty-ninth of July, in 1943, my father died. On the same <br> day, a few hours later, his last child was born. Over a month before <br> this, while all our energies were concentrated in waiting for these <br> events, there had been, in Detroit, one of the bloodiest race riots <br> of the century.<br> - James Baldwin, "Notes of a Native Son" (1955)<br> The decaying, downtown shopping section of Memphis - still another <br> Main Street - lay, the weekend before Martin Luther King's funeral, <br> under a siege.<br> - Elizabeth Hardwick, "The Apotheosis of Martin Luther King" (1968)<br> We were all strapped into the seats of the Chinook, fifty of us, and <br> something, someone was hitting it from the outside with an enormous <br> hammer. How do they do that? I thought, we're a thousand feet in the <br> air!<br> - Michael Herr, "Illumination Rounds" (1977)<br> We tell ourselves stories in order to live.<br> - Joan Didion, "The White Album" (1978)<br> Of course there are crucial distinctions between the art of <br> the essay and the art of prose fiction, yet to the reader the <br> immediate experience in reading is an engagement with that mysterious <br> presence we call voice. Reading, we "hear" another's speech <br> replicated in our heads as if by magic. Where in life we sometimes <br> (allegedly infrequently) fall in love at first sight, in reading we <br> may fall in love with the special, singular qualities of another's <br> voice; we may become mesmerized, haunted; we may be provoked, <br> shocked, illuminated; we may be galvanized into action; we may be <br> enraged, revulsed, and yet! - drawn irresistibly to experience this <br> voice again, and again. It's a writer's unique employment of language <br> to which we, as readers, are drawn, though we assume we admire the <br> writer primarily for what he or she "has to say." For consider: how <br> many intelligent, earnest, right-minded commentators published essays <br> on such important subjects as racial conflict in twentieth-century <br> America, social and personal disintegration in the thirties, <br> morality, democracy, nostalgia-for-a-vanishing-America; class <br> struggle, civil rights, Martin Luther King, Jr., the Vietnam War, the <br> mystical experience of nature, ethnic diversity, various <br> American "myths" - and how few of these are worth rereading, let <br> alone enshrining, in this new century. To be an editor in so massive <br> an undertaking, committed to reading with sympathy countless essays <br> of high worth and distinction published in the most prestigious <br> journals of their era, beginning in about 1900 and sweeping through <br> the decades, is to experience first-hand that quickening of dread, <br> which Nabokov calls mere "common sense," in the realization of human <br> mortality. So many meritorious voices, so much evidence of American <br> good will and wisdom, and so many fallen by the wayside! There were <br> times when I felt as if I were indeed standing at the edge of an <br> abyss, entrusted with rescuing pages of impeccable prose being blown <br> past me into oblivion, preserving what I could, surrendering all the <br> rest. (Those excellent essayists of a bygone time John Muir, Randolph <br> Bourne, and John Jay Chapman are preserved here; surrendered to the <br> exigencies of space limitations are John Burroughs, George Santayana, <br> Joseph Wood Krutch, Ellen Glasgow, and others listed in the Appendix.)<br> My belief is that art should not be comforting; for comfort, <br> we have mass entertainment, and one another. Art should provoke, <br> disturb, arouse our emotions, expand our sympathies in directions we <br> may not anticipate and may not even wish. Art should certainly aspire <br> to beauty, but there are myriad sorts of beauty: the presentation of <br> a subject in the most economical way, for instance; a precise choice <br> of language, of detail. There is beauty in the calibrated ugliness of <br> the opening of William Gass's meditation on suicide and art, "The <br> Doomed in Their Sinking," because it is so finely calibrated; there <br> is beauty in the eloquent, elegiac expression of hurt, rage, and <br> despair in James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son," because it is <br> eloquent and elegiac, in the service of art. That staple of <br> traditional essay collections, the unhurried musings of a disembodied <br> (Caucasian, male, privileged) consciousness, is missing here, except <br> for its highest, most lyric expression in E. B. White's classic "Once <br> More to the Lake" and its total transmogrification in Edward <br> Hoagland's powerful "Heaven and Nature" - which is about neither <br> heaven nor nature. (Hoagland, one of the few American writers who has <br> forged a brilliant career out of essays, is our Chopin of the genre. <br> Though best known for such nature essays as "The Courage of <br> Turtles," "Red Wolves and Black Bears," and "Earth's Eye," in the <br> tradition of Thoreau, Hoagland is equally memorable as a recorder of <br> startling, confessional utterances of a kind the very private Thoreau <br> would not have dared.) Though there are deeply moving essays in the <br> nostalgic/musing mode by such fine writers as White, James Agee, <br> Eudora Welty, and John Updike, I have given more space to what might <br> be called a radical expansion of this familiar genre, essays that <br> have the power of personal nostalgia yet are not sentimental, and in <br> which private contemplation touches on crucial public issues, as Zora <br> Neale Hurston's "How It Feels to Be Colored Me," Richard <br> Wright's "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow," Baldwin's "Notes of a <br> Native Son," Loren Eiseley's "The Brown Wasps," N. Scott <br> Momaday's "The Way to Rainy Mountain," Maya Angelou's "I Know Why the <br> Caged Bird Sings," Richard Rodriguez's "Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual <br> Childhood," and others. If you begin Edmund Wilson's "The Old Stone <br> House" presuming it to be another nostalgic lament for a vanishing <br> America, you will be shocked by the author's conclusion:<br> And what about me? As I come back in the train, I find that - other <br> causes contributing - my depression of Talcottville deepens. I did <br> not find the river and the forest of my dream - I did not find the <br> magic of the past . . . I would not go back to that old life if I <br> could: the civilization of northern New York - why should I idealize <br> it? - was too lonely, too poor, too provincial.<br> Similarly, Donald Hall's "A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails" is <br> both a sympathetic portrait of an older relative of the writer's and <br> a devastating critique of the romance of American rural eccentricity, <br> the stock material of how many homespun reminiscences in the Norman <br> Rockwell mode:<br> [Washington Woodward] worked hard all his life at being himself, but <br> there were no principles to examine when his life was over . . . The <br> life that he could recall totally was not worth recalling; it was a <br> box of string too short to be saved.<br> Apart from being first-rate reportage, Joan Didion's "The White <br> Album" can be seen as a radical variant of the genre of nostalgia as <br> well, in which the essayist positions her intimate, interior life <br> ("an attack of vertigo and nausea does not seem to me an <br> inappropriate response to the summer of 1968") within the larger, <br> wayward, and "poorly comprehended" life of our culture circa 1966-<br> 1978, with the defiant conclusion "writing [this] has not yet helped <br> me to see what it means": the antithesis of the traditional essay, <br> which was organized around a principle, or epiphany, toward which it <br> confidently moved. So too Michael Herr's "Illumination Rounds," from <br> Dispatches, is appropriately ironically titled, for little is finally <br> illuminated in this account of a young American journalist's visit to <br> Vietnam in the mid-seventies, at the height of that protracted and <br> tragic war; the techniques of vividly cinematic fiction writing are <br> here employed in the service of the author's vision, but there is, <br> conspicuously, no "moral" - no "moralizing." This is the art of the <br> contemporary essay, or memoir: a heightened, trompe l'oeil attention <br> to detail that allows the reader to see, hear, witness, as if at <br> first hand, what the essayist has witnessed. Though this <br> is "informal" writing, there is no lack of form. Postmodernist <br> strategies of fragmentation and collage have replaced that of <br> exposition, summary, and argument.<br> <br> For all their diversity, essays tend to fall into three general <br> types: those that present opinions primarily, and have been written <br> to "instruct"; those that impart information and knowledge; and those <br> that record personal impressionistic experiences, especially <br> memories. These categories often overlap, of course, as in the <br> outstanding essays named above, and in recent years, judging from the <br> annual series The Best American Essays, from which essays in this <br> volume published since 1985 have been taken, the genre has evolved <br> into a form closely akin to prose fiction and prose poetry, employing <br> dialogue, dramatic scenes, withheld information, suspense.<br> The essay of opinion, of which Montaigne (1533-1592) was an <br> early, highly influential master, was for centuries the <br> quintessential essay. Here, you find no dialogue or dramatic scenes, <br> only a rational, reasoning voice. Such an essay is an argument, often <br> couched in conversational terms; its intention is to instruct, to <br> illuminate, to influence. Except for editorial and op-ed pages of <br> newspapers, in which they appear in miniature form, and in a very few <br> general-interest magazines like Harper's and the Atlantic, such <br> essays are not much favored today. In our egalitarian culture we tend <br> to feel, rightly or wrongly, that an essayist's opinion is only as <br> good as his or her expertise, and in such uncharted areas as ethics, <br> morals, and general wisdom, whose opinion should be taken more <br> seriously than anyone else's? In the past, however, the gentlemanly <br> art of opinion-offering was commonplace; Ralph Waldo Emerson is the <br> North American master of this form. With the publication of "Nature" <br> in 1836, Emerson's prestige and influence through the whole of the <br> nineteenth century was incalculable. Here was a brilliant aphoristic-<br> philosophical mind expressed in an elegantly idiosyncratic language. <br> Henry David Thoreau, Emerson's younger contemporary, combines strong <br> opinions with a wealth of observed information and firsthand <br> experience in a crystalline, poetic prose, and for this reason seems <br> to us more modern, and far more accessible, than Emerson. There is a <br> rich subcategory of American essays, the confrontation of nature by a <br> refined, fastidiously observing consciousness, that has descended to <br> us from Thoreau; I would have dearly liked to include more <br> practitioners of this sort but had room for only John Muir, Rachel <br> Carson, Loren Eiseley, Annie Dillard, and Gretel Ehrlich. (But all <br> these essays are gems.) In general, our patience tends to wear thin <br> when we're confronted with sermonizing in its many forms; I most <br> often encountered such essays among those published in the first four <br> or five decades of the century, when magazines seemed to have <br> unlimited space for rambling, genial prose by men with nothing <br> especially urgent on their minds apart from platitudes of nature and <br> morality. Who were the readers of these essays, I wondered. The more <br> elusive the subject, the more verbose the style, as in two <br> fascinating masterpieces of ellipsis, indirection, and irresolution <br> by Henry James at his most baroque, "Is There a Life after Death?" <br> (1910) and "Within the Rim" (1915). ("Is There a Life after Death?" <br> was initially included in this volume, and then reluctantly excluded; <br> then included again, and finally excluded. A longtime admirer of <br> Henry James, I wanted badly for him to be represented, but the essay <br> is, one might say, "Jamesian," and long, and could hardly be <br> justified as among the best of the century. And "Within the Rim," on <br> the apparent theme of war, is even more abstruse.)<br> Yet for all their unfashionableness, the opinion essays <br> included here are, I think, excellent, and will repay the sort of <br> close, sympathetic reading required for prose that isn't immediately <br> gripping and specific. Henry Adams's "A Law of Acceleration," from <br> the classic The Education of Henry Adams, is a bravura work of <br> astonishing intellectual abstraction; written nearly one hundred <br> years ago, it strikes a disturbingly contemporary note in its somber <br> contemplation of a mechanistic universe reduced to a series <br> of "relations" and mankind itself reduced to "Motion in a universe of <br> Motions, with an acceleration . . . of vertiginous violence." With <br> the authority of science, Adams says, history has no right to meddle, <br> since science "now lay in a plane where scarcely one or two hundred <br> minds in the world could follow its mathematical processes." <br> Fittingly, William James's famous "The Moral Equivalent of War" was <br> written in the same year, 1910, as Henry James's "Is There a Life <br> after Death?" Though William James is a far more lucid prose stylist <br> than his younger brother, both brothers are concerned with profound <br> questions of life and death; William James broods upon the future of <br> civilization itself in a prophetic work that looks ahead to Freud's <br> late, melancholic Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). What is <br> history but a bloodbath? "The horrors make the fascination. War is <br> the strong life; it is life in extremis; war-taxes are the only ones <br> men never hesitate to pay, as the budgets of all nations show us." <br> John Jay Chapman, once considered an essayist of nearly Emerson's <br> stature, is not much read today, yet his passionate meditation upon a <br> notorious lynching that took place in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, in <br> 1911 transcends its time and tragic circumstances.<br> The two most influential literary essays of the twentieth <br> century are perhaps T. S. Eliot's "Tradition and the Individual <br> Talent" ("The emotion of art is impersonal") and Robert Frost's "The <br> Figure a Poem Makes" ("No tears in the writer, no tears in the <br> reader"); each gains from being read in conjunction with the other. <br> Sui generis is Gertrude Stein's "What Are Master-pieces and Why Are <br> There So Few of Them," itself a masterpiece of polemics, an argument <br> that convinces by sheer repetition:<br> . . . One has not identity [when] one is in the act of doing <br> anything. Identity is recognition, you know who you are because you <br> and others remember anything about yourself but essentially you are <br> not that when you are doing anything. I am I because my little dog <br> knows me but, creatively speaking the little dog knowing that you are <br> you and your recognizing that he knows, is what destroys creation.<br> H. L. Mencken's "The Hills of Zion" is, like many of <br> Mencken's essays and columns, a passionate repudiation of evangelical <br> Christianity and anti-intellectualism. This is sermonizing disguised <br> as social satire, zestful in its accumulation of damning details; one <br> can see why the young Negro Richard Wright was so impressed by <br> Mencken's example, seeing the older white man as "fighting, fighting <br> with words . . . using words as a weapon . . . as one would use a <br> club." Katherine Anne Porter's "The Future Is Now" is an almost <br> purely cerebral opinion piece, less compelling perhaps than Porter's <br> elegantly composed short stories, but gracefully argued nonetheless, <br> while "Artists in Uniform," one of Mary McCarthy's most anthologized <br> essays, smoothly combines her satirical gifts with her passion for <br> intellectual discourse. Susan Sontag's "Notes on Camp" is both <br> opinion essay and cultural criticism of a high order; Adrienne Rich's <br> dramatically fragmented "Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying" might <br> be defined as an essay of opinion in a unique, poetic form. Essays by <br> Alice Walker, Richard Rodriguez, N. Scott Momaday, and Cynthia Ozick <br> advance arguments by means of an accumulation of memoirist detail, <br> and each presents us with the wonder of how, in Ozick's words, "a <br> writer is dreamed and transfigured into being." And essays that seem <br> to be primarily concerned with the imparting of information and <br> description, like Loren Eiseley's "The Brown Wasps," Tom <br> Wolfe's "Putting Daddy On," Elizabeth Hardwick's "The Apotheosis of <br> Martin Luther King," Lewis Thomas's "The Lives of a Cell," Annie <br> Dillard's "Total Eclipse," among others, contain arguments of <br> subtlety and insight. Saul Bellow's "Graven Images" is a meditation <br> in the author's characteristic ironic mode on photography as a <br> violation of personal dignity and privacy and the "revolutionary <br> transformation" of a world that no longer honors such values. John <br> McPhee's wonderfully original "The Search for Marvin Gardens" makes <br> of the popular American board game an allegory of capitalist <br> adventure, and rewards us with the unexpected discovery of the <br> secluded middle-class bastion Marvin Gardens, the security-<br> patrolled "suburb within a suburb" that is one's reward for winning <br> the game.<br> The earliest essay in the anthology, Mark Twain's "Corn-pone <br> Opinions," is a superbly modulated argument that begins with an <br> engaging portrait of a young black slave (this is the Missouri of <br> Twain's childhood, in the 1850s) and proceeds to a ringing <br> denunciation of cultural chauvinism that is as relevant to our time <br> as it was to Twain's:<br> Broadly speaking, there are none but corn-pone opinions. And broadly <br> speaking, corn-pone stands for self-approval. Self-approval is <br> acquired mainly from the approval of other people. The result is <br> conformity.<br> By which Twain means that deathly conformity that leads to an <br> acceptance of slavery, lynchings, white bigotry, and injustice in a <br> nation constituted as a democracy.<br> Twain's essay strikes a chord that resounds through the <br> anthology: the ever-shifting, ever-evolving issue of race in America. <br> It can't be an accident that the essays in this volume by men and <br> women of ethnic minority backgrounds are outstanding; to paraphrase <br> Melville, to write a "mighty" work of prose you must have a "mighty" <br> theme. And what mightier, what more challenging and passionate theme <br> for both writer and reader than how it feels to be of minority status <br> in America, from the time of W.E.B. Du Bois in the first decade of <br> the century to our contemporaries Maya Angelou, N. Scott Momaday, <br> Maxine Hong Kingston, Alice Walker, Richard Rodriguez, and Gerald <br> Early? For historical reasons obviously having to do with slavery, <br> the experience of blacks in America has been significantly different <br> from that of other minorities, and this fact is reflected in the <br> essays included here.<br> W.E.B. Du Bois's "Of the Coming of John," from The Souls of <br> Black Folk (1903), is a chillingly prophetic work that traces the <br> intellectual and spiritual evolution of a seemingly ordinary black <br> boy from southeastern Georgia who is sent north to be educated in a <br> Negro school, returns after seven years to his hometown so thoroughly <br> changed that he seems more foreign to his former relatives and <br> neighbors than a Georgian white man would be, and is given advice by <br> the kindly white Judge:<br> ". . . You and I both know, John, that in this country the Negro must <br> remain subordinate, and can never expect to be the equal of white <br> men. In their place, you people can be honest and respectful; and God <br> knows, I'll do what I can to help them. But when they want to reverse <br> nature . . . by God! we'll hold them under if we have to lynch every <br> Nigger in the land."<br> Zora Neale Hurston in "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" (1928) defines <br> herself very differently from Du Bois's tragic protagonist, partly <br> because she has been raised in a "colored town" in Florida, <br> Eatonville. Her defiance strikes us as courageous, and touching:<br> At certain times I have no race, I am me . . . Sometimes, I feel <br> discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely <br> astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my <br> company! It's beyond me.<br> Richard Wright's "The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical <br> Sketch," the preface to Wright's 1938 collection of novellas, Uncle <br> Tom's Children, would become a section of his heralded Black Boy <br> (1945). Wright's education in Jim Crow "wisdom" begins ironically <br> with a beating his mother gives him for having dared to fight with <br> white boys, and carries him into a prematurely cynical adolescence; <br> it's a vision of the American South contiguous with that of New York <br> City in the 1940s experienced by Langston Hughes.<br> Perhaps the preeminent essayist of the American twentieth <br> century is James Baldwin, and it seems fitting that Baldwin wrote his <br> most powerful and influential nonfiction works, Notes of a Native <br> Son, Nobody Knows My Name, and The Fire Next Time, at about <br> midcentury. Baldwin was a natural master of a kind of nonfiction <br> narration we associate with the most engaging fiction, in which <br> personal, familial experience is linked with a larger social and <br> political context that enhances it as myth. Like his mentor Richard <br> Wright, James Baldwin was a poet of irony; his bitterness and rage at <br> social injustice was so finely distilled, his use of language so <br> impassioned and fluent, he made of the most tragically debased <br> materials a world of startling beauty. Baldwin's is a secular <br> mystical vision that seems to us quintessentially American:<br> All of my [newly deceased] father's texts and songs, which I had <br> decided were meaningless, were arranged before me at his death like <br> empty bottles, waiting to hold the meaning which life would give them <br> for me. This was his legacy: nothing is ever escaped . . . The dead <br> man mattered, the new life mattered; blackness and whiteness did not <br> matter; to believe they did was to acquiesce in one's own <br> destruction. Hatred, which could destroy so much, never failed to <br> destroy the man who hated and this man was an immutable law.<br> This is the vision of Martin Luther King, Jr., expressed in <br> his historic 1963 "Letter from Birmingham Jail": "One who breaks an <br> unjust law must do it openly, lovingly . . . and with a willingness <br> to accept the penalty."<br> <br> Robert Atwan, who has been an invaluable series editor for the highly <br> regarded The Best American Essays since its inception in 1986, <br> assisted me tirelessly and with inspiration in our months-long effort <br> of sifting through any and all essays that were possibilities for <br> this anthology. We have been limited, or, one might say, assisted, in <br> our selections only since 1986, being obliged to choose essays from <br> the series anthology after that date; before 1986, we had no <br> restrictions. Our decision to reprint essays only by writers who have <br> published nonfiction books helped to limit our search, as did our <br> exclusion of journalism, excepting unique reportage like <br> Hemingway's "Pamplona in July" and Michael Herr's "Illumination <br> Rounds." We hoped to avoid prose fiction in essay form, though such <br> prose pieces as W.E.B. Du Bois's "Of the Coming of John" and Langston <br> Hughes's "Bop" certainly employ fictional techniques; we excluded <br> literary criticism - though some of our finest writers, like Randall <br> Jarrell, Jacques Barzun, and Lionel Trilling, have excelled in it - <br> and footnote-laden academic essays for a limited readership, even by <br> Hannah Arendt. Much as I wanted to include Henry James, as I've noted <br> above, I could not justify reprinting a long, convoluted skein of <br> words that few readers would read. Nor could I include another major <br> twentieth-century writer, Willa Cather, whose available essays were <br> simply inappropriate, and lengthy. Of Norman Mailer's nonfiction <br> work, "The Fight" would have been my choice for this volume, but it's <br> book length (and has already appeared in The Best American Sports <br> Writing of the Century); other essays of Mailer's, like "The White <br> Negro," controversial in their time, are badly dated today. Gay <br> Talese, a brilliant practitioner of what has come to be known as New <br> Journalism, has written no "essays" per se. William Carlos Williams, <br> Ralph Ellison, John Hersey, Wallace Stegner, Barbara Tuchman, Gore <br> Vidal, most painfully William Faulkner: these important writers had <br> no single appropriate essay. Faulkner in particular seems to have had <br> little aptitude, or perhaps inspiration, for the essay form.<br> Of contemporary essayists there are so many - so very many! - <br> who might well be included here, it isn't possible to list their <br> names except in the Appendix. Quite apart from the numerous memoirs <br> of high quality being written today, and published to much acclaim, <br> this is a remarkably fruitful era for the personal essay. The <br> triumph, one might say, of the mysterious pronoun "I."<br> It was the aim of the editors to tell a more or less <br> chronological story of America as the century unfolded, with <br> representative essays from each decade, as we have done; yet, the <br> reader will note, the traumatic experiences of World War II, vividly <br> described by William Manchester in "Okinawa: The Bloodiest Battle of <br> All," does not appear in the forties but decades later, in 1987; and <br> numerous other essays, stimulated by memory and meditation, have been <br> written years after the occasion of their subjects. The ideal essay, <br> in any case, is as timeless as any work of art, transcending the <br> circumstances of its inception. It moves, as Robert Frost says of the <br> ideal poem, from delight to wisdom, and "rides on its own melting," <br> like ice on a hot stove.<br> Joyce Carol Oates <br> <br> Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company<br> Introduction copyright © 2000 by The Ontario Review Inc.<br> All rights reserved

<p><p>This singular collection is nothing less than a political, spiritual, and intensely personal record of America&#8217;s tumultuous modern age, as experienced by our foremost critics, commentators, activists, and artists. Joyce Carol Oates has collected a group of works that are both intimate and important, essays that move from personal experience to larger significance without severing the connection between speaker and audience.<br> From Ernest Hemingway covering bullfights in Pamplona to Martin Luther King, Jr.&#8217;s &#147;Letter from Birmingham Jail,&#8221; these essays fit, in the words of Joyce Carol Oates, &#147;into a kind of mobile mosaic suggest[ing] where we&#8217;ve come from, and who we are, and where we are going.&#8221; Among those whose work is included are Mark Twain, John Muir, T. S. Eliot, Richard Wright, Vladimir Nabokov, James Baldwin, Tom Wolfe, Susan Sontag, Maya Angelou, Alice Walker, Joan Didion, Cynthia Ozick, Saul Bellow, Stephen Jay Gould, Edward Hoagland, and Annie Dillard.<p></p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>"Here is a history of America told in many voices," declares Oates in her introduction, revealing the heart of her intelligent and incisive collection of 55 essays by American writers. Never attempting to capture or replicate a single, authentic "American identity," this collection succeeds by producing a comprehensive and multifaceted look at what America has been and, by extension, what it is and might become. While it's not explicitly political, the volume's multicultural intentions are visible. Beginning with "Cone-pone Opinions," a 1901 Mark Twain essay that uses the wisdom of an African-American child as its central image, Oates has fashioned a collection that calls attention to the way that "America" is made up of competing, and often antagonistic, cultural and social visions. There is not only the apparent contrast between the populist, overtly political visions of W.E.B. Du Bois's "Of the Coming of John," James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son" and Mary McCarthy's "Artists in Uniform" and the cultural elitism of T.S. Eliot's "Tradition and the Individual Talent." Oates has managed to find numerous pieces whose vision and philosophy resonate with one another without becoming homogeneous, so Gretel Ehrlich's meditation on pastoral aesthetics in "The Solace of Open Spaces" contrasts abruptly and ingeniously with Susan Sontag's urban-centered "Notes on Camp." In all, Oates has assembled a provocative collection of masterpieces reflecting both the fragmentation and surprising cohesiveness of various American identities. QPB and History Book Club selections; BOMC alternate. (Sept.) Copyright 2000 Cahners Business Information.|</p>

<TABLE><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Foreword</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">x</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Introduction</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">xvii</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1901: Corn-pone Opinions</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">1</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1903: Of the Coming of John</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">6</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1906: A Law of Acceleration</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">20</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1909: Stickeen</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">28</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1910: The Moral Equivalent of War</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">45</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1911: The Handicapped</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">57</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1912: Coatesville</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">71</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1916: The Devil Baby at Hull-House</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">75</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1919: Tradition and the Individual Talent</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">90</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1923: Pamplona in July</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">98</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1925: The Hills of Zion</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">107</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1928: How It Feels to Be Colored Me</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">114</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1933: The Old Stone House</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">118</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1935: What Are Master-pieces and Why Are There So Few of Them</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">131</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1936: The Crack-Up</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">139</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1937: Sex Ex Machina</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">153</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1937: The Ethics of Living Jim Crow: An Autobiographical Sketch</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">159</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1938: Knoxville: Summer of 1915</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">171</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1939: The Figure a Poem Makes</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">176</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1941: Once More to the Lake</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">179</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1944: Insert Flap "A" and Throw Away</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">186</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1949: Bop</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">190</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1950: The Future Is Now</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">193</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1953: Artists in Uniform</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">199</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1955: The Marginal World</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">214</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1955: Notes of a Native Son</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">220</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1956: The Brown Wasps</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">239</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1957: A Sweet Devouring</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">246</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1961: A Hundred Thousand Straightened Nails</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">252</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1963: Letter from Birmingham Jail</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">263</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1964: Putting Daddy On</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">280</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1964: Notes on "Camp"</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">288</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1966: Perfect Past</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">303</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1967: The Way to Rainy Mountain</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">313</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1968: The Apotheosis of Martin Luther King</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">319</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1969: Illumination Rounds</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">327</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1970: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">342</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1971: The Lives of a Cell</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">358</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1972: The Search for Marvin Gardens</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">361</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1972: The Doomed in Their Sinking</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">373</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1975: No Name Woman</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">383</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1975: Looking for Zora</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">395</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1977: Women and Honor: Some Notes on Lying</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">412</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1979: The White Album</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">421</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1980: Aria: A Memoir of a Bilingual Childhood</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">447</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1981: The Solace of Open Spaces</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">467</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1982: Total Eclipse</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">477</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1982: A Drugstore in Winter</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">490</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1987: Okinawa: The Bloodiest Battle of All</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">497</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1988: Heaven and Nature</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">507</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1989: The Creation Myths of Cooperstown</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">520</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1990: Life with Daughters: Watching the Miss America Pageant</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">532</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1993: The Disposable Rocket</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">549</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1995: They All Just Went Away</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">553</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">1997: Graven Images</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">564</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%"></TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Biographical Notes</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">569</TD><TR><TD WIDTH="20%">Appendix</TD><TD WIDTH="70%">Notable Twentieth-Century American Literary Nonfiction</TD><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="RIGHT">591</TD></TABLE>

<article> <h4>From Barnes & Noble</h4><b>Bookseller Reviews</b> <p>These essays educate us, amuse us, startle us with their immediacy. Who among us can read Henry Adam's "A Law of Acceleration," penned in 1904, and not think of our mind-zapping digital age? Who could resist the first sentence of Zora Neale Hurston's piece:I am colored but I offer nothing in the way of extenuating circumstances except the fact that I am the only Negro in the United States whose grandfather on the mother's side was not an Indian chief." And which of you could disagree with the unrepeatable wisdom of Gertrude Stein's "The tradition has always been that you may more or less describe the things that happen nowadays everybody all day long knows what is happening and so what is happening is not really interesting."</p> <p>The essays that Joyce Carol Oates has selected linger with us, not because their authors (from Mark Twain to Martin Luther King), retain their fame, but because each piece is a talisman, irreducible and well-carved. James Age's prose-poems "Knoxville, Summer of 1915" appeals to us today just as it inspired composer Samuel Barber decades ago, and two thirds of a century have only enhanced the thrall of the languorous rhythms of Edmund Wilson's "The Old Stone House." H.L. Mencken's article on the 1925 Scopes trial shames this week's pale convention prose with its freshness, and T.S. Eliot's 1919 "Tradition and The Individual Talent" still has something to teach us.</p> </article> <article> <h4>Publishers Weekly - <span class="author">Publisher's Weekly</span> </h4>"Here is a history of America told in many voices," declares Oates in her introduction, revealing the heart of her intelligent and incisive collection of 55 essays by American writers. Never attempting to capture or replicate a single, authentic "American identity," this collection succeeds by producing a comprehensive and multifaceted look at what America has been and, by extension, what it is and might become. While it's not explicitly political, the volume's multicultural intentions are visible. Beginning with "Cone-pone Opinions," a 1901 Mark Twain essay that uses the wisdom of an African-American child as its central image, Oates has fashioned a collection that calls attention to the way that "America" is made up of competing, and often antagonistic, cultural and social visions. There is not only the apparent contrast between the populist, overtly political visions of W.E.B. Du Bois's "Of the Coming of John," James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son" and Mary McCarthy's "Artists in Uniform" and the cultural elitism of T.S. Eliot's "Tradition and the Individual Talent." Oates has managed to find numerous pieces whose vision and philosophy resonate with one another without becoming homogeneous, so Gretel Ehrlich's meditation on pastoral aesthetics in "The Solace of Open Spaces" contrasts abruptly and ingeniously with Susan Sontag's urban-centered "Notes on Camp." In all, Oates has assembled a provocative collection of masterpieces reflecting both the fragmentation and surprising cohesiveness of various American identities. QPB and History Book Club selections; BOMC alternate. Sept. Copyright 2000 Cahners Business Information. </article><article> <h4>From The Critics</h4>". . . Oates has assembled a provocative collection of masterpieces <br> reflecting both the fragmentation and surprising cohesiveness of <br> various American identities." </article> <article> <h4>KLIATT</h4>In her excellent introduction to this collection, Joyce Carol Oates states her belief that "art should not be comforting." It should, instead, "provoke, disturb,...and expand our sympathies in directions we may not anticipate and may not even wish." The reader should therefore be prepared to have these 55 carefully selected essays do just that. Arranged chronologically, the essays span the century with an average of five essays per decade. From Mark Twain to Saul Bellow by way of William James, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost and Gertrude Stein, the collection notes literary trends as well as social upheavals as recorded in essays of W.E.B DuBois, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston and Richard Wright. Chosen from authors who had published at least one book of nonfiction or essays, this collection attempts to present a "mobile mosaic" of 20th-century America. Category: Collections. KLIATT Codes: SA—Recommended for senior high school students, advanced students, and adults. 2001, Houghton Mifflin, 624p., Ages 16 to adult. Reviewer: Patricia A. Moore; Brookline, MA </article> <article> <h4>Library Journal</h4>One of the pleasures of an anthology like this is reading people you might not otherwise have picked up. Like John Muir, whose "Stickeen," a life-and-death adventure on an Alaskan glacier with a singular small black dog, is a great piece of adventure writing. Or Jane Addams, whose insights into the spread of an urban legend of "The Devil Baby at Hull House" are thoughtful and compassionate. Another sort of pleasure comes from rereading familiar works in a new context: E.B. White's "Once More to the Lake," N. Scott Momaday's "The Way to Rainy Mountain," John McPhee's "The Search for Marvin Gardens," and Annie Dillard's "Total Eclipse." Only seven of the essays come from the annual "Best American Essays" series that Atwan has coedited since 1986. The other 48 were culled from the rest of the century, with the ruling idea, Atwan says, "that the essays should speak to the present, not merely represent the past." Oates looked "for the expression of personal experience within the historical." They have created a mosaic of a century in an America whose dominant and recurring theme has been race. Essential for most libraries.--Mary Paumier Jones, Westminster P.L., CO Copyright 2000 Cahners Business Information.\ </article> <article> <h4>Megan Harlan</h4>...all the essays transcend fashion and speak just as eloquestly to us today as they did when they were first published.<br> —<i>Entertainment Weekly</i> </article>

<p><b>Nina Baym</b> (General Editor), Ph.D. Harvard, is Swanlund Endowed Chair and Center for Advanced Study Professor Emerita of English, and Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences at The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. She is author of <b>The Shape of Hawthorne&rsquo;s Career</b>; <b>Woman's Fiction&#58; A Guide to Novels by and About Women in America</b>; <b>Novels, Readers, and Reviewers&#58; Responses to Fiction in Antebellum America</b>; <b>American Women Writers and the Work of History, 1790-1860</b>; and <b>American Women of Letters and the Nineteenth-Century Sciences</b>. Some of her essays are collected in <b>Feminism and American Literary History</b>; she has also edited and introduced many reissues of work by earlier American women writers, from Judith Sargent Murray through Kate Chopin. In 2000 she received the MLA&rsquo;s Hubbell medal for lifetime achievement in American literary studies.<P><b>Wayne Franklin</b>, Ph.D. (University of Pittsburgh), is Professor and Head of English, University of Connecticut. He is the author of <b>James Fenimore Cooper&#58; The Early Years</b> (the first volume of his definitive biography, from Yale University Press), <b>The New World of James Fenimore Cooper</b>, and <b>Discoverers, Explorers, Settlers&#58; The Diligent Writers of Early America</b>. He is the editor of <b>American Voices, American Lives&#58; A Documentary Reader</b> and co-editor of <b>The Norton Anthology of American Literature</b> and of, with Michael Steiner, <b>Mapping American Culture</b>.<P><b>Philip F. Gura</b> (Editor, 1700-1820), Ph.D. Harvard, is William S. Newman Distinguished Professor of American Literature and Culture and Adjunct Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is the author of seven books, including <b>The Wisdom of Words&#58; Language, Theology, and Literature in the New England Renaissance</b>; <b>A Glimpse of Sion&rsquo;s Glory&#58; Puritan Radicalism in New England, 1620-1660</b>; and <b>Jonathan Edwards, America's Evangelical</b>. For ten years he was editor of the journal <b>Early American Literature</b>. He is an elected member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, the American Antiquarian Society, and the Colonial Society of Massachusetts.<P><b>Arnold Krupat</b> (editor, Native American Literatures), Ph.D. Columbia, is Professor of Literature at Sarah Lawrence College. He is the author, among other books, of <b>Ethnocriticism&#58; Ethnography, History, Literature</b>, <b>The Voice in the Margin&#58; Native American Literature and the Canon</b>, <b>Red Matters</b>, and most recently, <b>All That Remains&#58; Native Studies</b> (2007). He is the editor of a number of anthologies, including <b>Native American Autobiography&#58; An Anthology and New Voices in Native American Literary Criticism</b>. With Brian Swann, he edited <b>Here First&#58; Autobiographical Essays by Native American Writers</b>, which won the Wordcraft Circle of Native Writers and Storytellers Award for best book of nonfiction prose in 2001.</p>

<p><b>Firmly grounded in the core strengths that have made it the best-selling undergraduate survey in the field,</b> The Norton Anthology of American Literature has been revitalized in this Seventh Edition through the collaboration between three new period editors and five seasoned ones.</p> <p>Under Nina Baym’s direction, the editors have considered afresh each selection and all the apparatus to make the anthology an even better teaching tool.</p>

<p><b>Henry Louis Gates Jr.</b> (Ph.D. Cambridge) is Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African American Research, at Harvard University. He is the author of <b>Figures in Black&#58; Words, Signs, and the Racial Self</b>; <b>The Signifying Monkey&#58; A Theory of Afro-American Criticism</b>; <b>Loose Canons&#58; Notes on the Culture Wars</b>; <b>Colored People&#58; A Memoir</b>; <b>The Future of Race</b> (with Cornel West); <b>Wonders of the African World</b>; <b>Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man</b>; and <b>America Behind the Color Line&#58; Dialogues with African Americans</b>. He is general editor (with the late Nellie Y. McKay) of <b>The Norton Anthology of African American Literature</b>; editor-in-chief of the Oxford African American Studies Center (online); editor of <b>The African-American Century</b> (with Cornel West); <b>Encarta Africana</b> (with Kwame Anthony Appiah); and <b>The Bondwoman&rsquo;s Narrative</b> by Hannah Craft; <b>African American National Biography</b> (with Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham) and <b>The Annotated Uncle Tom&rsquo;s Cabin</b> (with Hollis Robbins). For PBS, Professor Gates has written and produced several documentaries, among them <b>African American Lives</b>, series 1 and 2, and <b>America Behind the Color Line</b>.<P><b>Nellie Y. McKay</b> (Ph.D. Harvard), General Editor. Professor of American and Afro-American Literature, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Associate editor of the <b>African American Review</b>; author of <b>Jean Toomer&mdash;the Artist&#58; A Study of His Literary Life and Work, 1894-1936</b>; editor of <b>Critical Essays on Toni Morrison</b>; co-editor of the Norton Critical Edition of Harriet Jacobs&rsquo;s <b>Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</b>, <b>Beloved&mdash;A Casebook</b>, and <b>Approaches to Teaching the Novels of Toni Morrison</b>.<P><b>William L. Andrews</b> (Ph.D. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), Editor, "The Literature of Slavery and Freedom," Co-Editor, "the Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance." E. Maynard Adams Professor of English, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. General editor of the Wisconsin Studies in American Autobiography series and <b>The Literature of the American South&#58; A Norton Anthology</b>, and co-editor of <b>The Oxford Companion to African American Literature</b>. Other works include <b>The Literary Career of Charles W. Chesnutt</b>; <b>To Tell a Free Story&#58; The First Century of Afro-American Autobiography, 1760&ndash;1865</b>; <b>Sisters of the Spirit</b>; <b>Critical Essays on Frederick Douglass</b>; and <b>Classic Fiction of the Harlem Renaissance</b>.<P><b>Houston A. Baker, Jr.</b> (Ph.D. University of California, Los Angeles), Editor, "The Black Arts Era." George D. and Susan Fox Beischer Professor of English, Duke University. Editor of <b>American Literature</b>; Editor of the anthology <b>Black Literature in America</b> and author of three books of poetry. Other works include <b>Afro-American Poetics&#58; Revisions of Harlem and The Black Aesthetic</b>; <b>Workings of the Spirit&#58; A Poetics of Afro-American Women&rsquo;s Writing</b>; <b>Black Studies, Rap, and the Academy</b>; <b>Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature&#58; A Vernacular Theory</b>; <b>Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance</b>; <b>Turning South Again&#58; Re-Thinking Modernism/Re-Reading Booker T</b>.<P><b>Frances Smith Foster</b> (Ph.D. University of California, San Diego), Co-Editor, "The Literature of the Reconstruction to the New Negro Renaissance." Charles Howard Candler Professor of English and Women&rsquo;s Studies, Emory University. Author of <b>Written by Herself&#58; Literary Production by African American Women, 1746-1892</b> and <b>Witnessing Slavery&#58; The Development of the Antebellum Slave Narrative</b>. Co-editor of the <b>Oxford Companion to African American Literature</b> and the Norton Critical Edition of Harriet Jacobs&rsquo;s <b>Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</b>. Editor of several works, including Minnie&rsquo;s <b>Sacrifice, Sowing and Reaping</b>, <b>Trial and Triumph&#58; Three Rediscovered Novels by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper</b>, and Elizabeth Keckley&rsquo;s <b>Behind the Scenes</b>.<P>A former fellow of the Bunting Institute and the Woodrow Wilson International Center, <b>Deborah E. McDowell</b> is a professor of English at the University of Virginia.<P><b>Robert G. O&rsquo;Meally</b> (Ph.D. Harvard), Editor, "The Vernacular Tradition." Zora Neale Hurston Professor of English, Columbia University. Author of <b>The Craft of Ralph Ellison</b> and the biography <b>Lady Day&#58; The Many Faces of Billie Holiday</b>, and editor of the essay collection <b>History and Memory in African American Culture</b>. Currently editing an essay collection titled <b>The Jazz Cadence of American Culture</b>.<P><b>Arnold Rampersad</b> (Ph.D. Harvard), Editor, "The Harlem Renaissance." Sara Hart Kimball Professor in the Humanities, Stanford University. Co-Editor of <b>Slavery and the Literary Imagination</b> (with Deborah E. McDowell); editor of the definitive <b>Collected Poems of Langston Hughes</b> and author of the two-volume biography <b>The Life of Langston Hughes</b>. Also author of <b>Jackie Robinson&#58; A Biography</b> and joint author of tennis star <b>Arthur Ashe&rsquo;s Days of Grace&#58; A Memoir</b>.<P><b>Hortense Spillers</b> (Ph.D. Brandeis), Co-Editor, "Realism, Naturalism, Modernism." Frederick J. Whiton Chair of English, Cornell University. Editor of <b>Comparative American Identities&#58; Race, Sex, and Nationality in the Modern Text</b>; co-editor (with Marjorie Pryse) of <b>Conjuring&#58; Black Women, Fiction and the Literary Tradition</b>, and an editor of <b>The Heath Anthology of American Literature</b>.<P><b>Cheryl A. Wall</b> (Ph.D. Harvard), Editor, "Literature since 1975." Professor and Chair of English, Rutgers University. Author of <b>Women of the Harlem Renaissance</b>; editor of <b>Zora Neale Hurston&#58; Novels and Stories</b>, <b>Zora Neale Hurston&#58; Folklore, Memoirs & Other Writings</b>, and <b>Changing Our Own Words&#58; Essays on Criticism, Theory, and Writing by Black Women</b>.</p>

<p>Welcomed on publication as "brilliant, definitive, and a joy to teach from," <b>The Norton Anthology of African American Literature</b> was adopted at more than 1,275 colleges and universities worldwide. Now, the new Second Edition offers these highlights.</p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>Collaborating on The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, editors Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay have compiled what may be the definitive collection of its kind. Organized chronologically, the massive work gathers writings from six periods of black history: slavery and freedom; Reconstruction; the Harlem Renaissance; Realism, Naturalism and Modernism; the Black Arts Movement and the period since the 1970s. The work begins with the vernacular tradition of spirituals, gospel and the blues; continues through work songs, jazz and rap; ranges through sermons and folktales; and embraces letters and journals, poetry, short fiction, novels, autobiography and drama. BOMC selection; companion audio CD.</p>

<article> <h4>Publishers Weekly - <span class="author">Publisher's Weekly</span> </h4>Collaborating on The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, editors Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Nellie Y. McKay have compiled what may be the definitive collection of its kind. Organized chronologically, the massive work gathers writings from six periods of black history: slavery and freedom; Reconstruction; the Harlem Renaissance; Realism, Naturalism and Modernism; the Black Arts Movement and the period since the 1970s. The work begins with the vernacular tradition of spirituals, gospel and the blues; continues through work songs, jazz and rap; ranges through sermons and folktales; and embraces letters and journals, poetry, short fiction, novels, autobiography and drama. BOMC selection; companion audio CD. </article> <article> <h4>Library Journal</h4>In this anthology, blues, gospel, jazz, rap, and sermons take center stage. In close proximity are poetry, fiction, drama, and autobiography by major authors like Richard Wright, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Toni Morrison. </article>

<p class="null1">The first anthology to gather poems by the forty-three poets laureate of the United States.</p> <p>As a record of poetry, <b>The Poets Laureate Anthology</b> is groundbreaking, charting the course of American poetry over the last seventy-five years, while being, at the same time, a pleasure to read, full of some of the world’s best-known poems and many new surprises. Elizabeth Hun Schmidt has gathered and introduced poems by each of the forty-three poets who have been named our nation’s poets laureate since the post (originally called Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress) was established in 1937. Poets range from Robert Pinsky, William Carlos Williams, and Elizabeth Bishop to Charles Simic, Billy Collins, and Rita Dove. Schmidt’s spirited introductions place the poets and their poems in historical and literary context and shine light on the interesting and often uneasy relationship between politics and art. This is an inviting, monumental collection for everyone’s library, containing much of the best poetry written in America over the last century.</p>

<p>The first anthology to gather poems by the forty-three poets laureate of the United States.</p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>The United States has a long tradition of choosing a national poet, though the term poet laureate only came to be used here after 1985. Before that, since its inception in 1935, the post was called consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress. So far we've had 43 of them, including some of America's most famous and best-loved poets, such as Robert Frost, Elizabeth Bishop, and, of course, Billy Collins, perhaps the most popular poet to hold the title (2001 2003), and also the author of the foreword to this enjoyable anthology, which offers a sampling of work from all 43 laureates, plus short introductions about each one. Former New York Times Book Review poetry editor Schmidt calls the laureates "the gatekeepers of the American idiom," and above all, that's what a reader will find here&#58; a good sampling of what the mainstream of American poetry has to offer--the careful descriptions of Bishop, the powerful critiques of Brooks, the surreal landscapes of Simic, Merwin's deep images, Bogan's careful stanzas, Lowell's blustery lines. There are a few occasional poems, but mostly, it's a gathering of great poets hanging together because they held an important job. This will be a wonderful holiday gift for poetry lovers. (Oct.)</p>

<article> <h4>Publishers Weekly</h4>The United States has a long tradition of choosing a national poet, though the term poet laureate only came to be used here after 1985. Before that, since its inception in 1935, the post was called consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress. So far we've had 43 of them, including some of America's most famous and best-loved poets, such as Robert Frost, Elizabeth Bishop, and, of course, Billy Collins, perhaps the most popular poet to hold the title (2001–2003), and also the author of the foreword to this enjoyable anthology, which offers a sampling of work from all 43 laureates, plus short introductions about each one. Former New York Times Book Review poetry editor Schmidt calls the laureates "the gatekeepers of the American idiom," and above all, that's what a reader will find here: a good sampling of what the mainstream of American poetry has to offer--the careful descriptions of Bishop, the powerful critiques of Brooks, the surreal landscapes of Simic, Merwin's deep images, Bogan's careful stanzas, Lowell's blustery lines. There are a few occasional poems, but mostly, it's a gathering of great poets hanging together because they held an important job. This will be a wonderful holiday gift for poetry lovers. (Oct.) </article> <article> <h4>Library Journal</h4>"Be careful what you say to us now./ The street-lamp is smashed, the window is jagged,/ There is a man dead in his blood by the base of the fountain./ If you speak/ You cannot be delicate or sad or clever." With these lines, Josephine Jacobsen reminds readers that despite all the hardship in the world, poetry is there to report. With this sweeping behemoth of an anthology, Norton and the Library of Congress have given readers and libraries an excellent excuse to own another book. Schmidt, former poetry editor for the New York Times Book Review, has included all of the Poet Laureate Consultants (commonly known as U.S. Poet Laureates) from Joseph Auslander (1937–41) to Kay Ryan (2007–10). Even newly named Poet Laureate W.S. Merwin is included because he served as Special Bicentennial Consultant with Rita Dove and Louise Glück (1999–2000). Schmidt gives readers a fine selection of poems for each poet, some expected and some surprises. In addition, she includes introductions that place poets in social and literary context and elaborates their contributions to the office of Consultant. For example, William Carlos Williams's term was mired in Communist controversy and health problems, and while appointed, he never served. VERDICT A hefty and worthy read that everyone will want to savor. Essential for all contemporary poetry collections.—Karla Huston, Appleton Arts Ctr., WI </article>

<p><P>Applause is proud to continue the series that for over 70 years has been the standard of excellence for one-act plays in America. From its inception, The Best American Short Plays has identified new, cutting-edge playwrights who have gone on to establish award-winning careers, including Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, Wendy Wasserstein, Terrence McNally, and David Mamet. The complex and diverse plays that make up this collection reflect both personal concerns and social issues. The 2008-2009 edition includes A Second of Pleasure, by Neil LaBute; St. Francis Preaches to the Birds, by David Ives; The Stormy Waters, The Long Way Home, by Carey Lovelace; Early Morning, by Eric Lane; Sisters, by Adam Kraar, Maria Filimon, and Tasnim Mansur; Little Duck, by Billy Aronson; A Portrait of the Woman as a Young Artist, by Meg Miroshnik; Slapped Actress, by Emily Conbere; The Last Artist in NYC, by Polly Frost and Ray Sawhill; THE TRUE AUTHOR of the plays formerly attributed to Mister William Shakespeare REVEALED to the world for the first time by Miss Delia Bacon, by James Armstrong; The Lovers and Others of Eugene O'Neill, by Marla Del Collins; III, by Joe Salvatore; Pete and Joe at the Dew Drop Inn, by Lewis Gardner; This Is Your Lifetime, by Jill Elaine Hughes; Decades Apart, by Rick Pulos; Never Spoke Again, by Barbara Parisi-Pasternack; 508, by Amy Herzog; Ella, by Dano Madden; and Naked Old Man, by Murray Schisgal.</p>

<p>Foreword: A Simple, Brilliant Idea David Ives ix</p> <p>Introduction Barbara Parisi xiii</p> <p>A Second of Pleasure Neil LaBute 1</p> <p>St. Francis Preaches to the Birds David Ives 17</p> <p>The Stormy Waters, the Long Way Home Carey Lovelace 41</p> <p>Early Morning Eric Lane 49</p> <p>Sisters Adam Kraar Maria Filimon Tasnim Mansur 81</p> <p>Little Duck Billy Aronson 89</p> <p>A Portrait of the Woman as a Young Artist Meg Miroshnik 113</p> <p>Slapped Actress Emily Conbere 153</p> <p>The Last Artist in New York City Polly Frost Ray Sawhill 163</p> <p>The True Author of the Plays Formerly Attributed to Mister William Shakespeare Revealed to the World for the First Time by Miss Delia Bacon James Armstrong 179</p> <p>The Lovers and Others of Eugene O'Neill Maria Del Collins 191</p> <p>III Joe Salvatore 217</p> <p>Pete and Joe at the Dew Drop Inn Lewis Gardner 271</p> <p>Decades Apart: Reflections of Three Gay Men Rick Pulos 285</p> <p>508 Amy Herzog 313</p> <p>Naked Old Man Murray Schisgal 325</p> <p>Acknowledgments 351</p>

<p>This treasury of beloved poems collects all your favorite poets in one book. Whether you&#8217;re looking for a love poem or something to mend a broken heart, perhaps you&#8217;re feeling patriotic or struggling to understand the nature of man, the timeless words of Shakespeare, Emily Dickinson, John Milton, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti are at your fingertips. <p>From the Romantic poets like Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats to the Transcendentalists like Ralph Waldo Emerson, this comprehensive collection contains examples of the many periods of writing from England to Scotland and on to the United States.<p>Included are such favorites as&#58;<p>Walt Whitman&#8217;s <I>O Captain! My Captain!</I><p>Eugene Field&#8217;s <I>Little Boy Blue</I><p>Percy Bysshe Shelley&#8217;s <I>To a Skylark</I><p>Joyce Kilmer&#8217;s <I>Trees</I><p>Robert Burns&#8217; <I>Letter to a Young Friend</I><p>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow&#8217;s <I>Paul Revere&#8217;s Ride</I><p>Edgar Allan Poe&#8217;s <I>The Raven</I><p>Three indices let you find your favorite poems by title, author, and first line. <p></p>

<p><P>Always a good price with quality selections, the Fourth Edition of Gwynn&#39;s Literature&#58; A Pocket Anthology continues that tradition. Organized chronologically with a thematic appendix and streamlined apparatus, this anthology can be taylored to however the course is taught. Individual Fiction, Poetry, and Drama introductions provide an overview for reading and analyzing each genre, defining key terms in context. More than a third of the selections overall represent voices of women, people of color, and writers from cultures outside the United States, and a strong effort has been made to include work that reflects contemporary social questions and will stimulate classroom discussion. New poems, stories, and plays are among the changes to the Fourth Edition.</p>

<P>Introduction<p>Experience, Experiment, Expand&#58; Three Reasons to Study Literature<p>Fiction<p>Introduction to Fiction<p>The Telling of the Tale<p>The Short Story Genre<p>Reading and Analyzing Short Fiction<p>Nathanel Hawthorne (1804-1864)<p>* The Minister&rsquo;s Black Veil<p>Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)<p>&bull; Ligeia<p>Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909)<p>A White Heron<p>Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893)<p>Mother Savage<p>Kate Chopin (1851-1904)<p>The Story of an Hour<p>Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935)<p>The Yellow Wallpaper<p>Edith Wharton (1862-1937)<p>Roman Fever<p>Willa Cather (1876-1947)<p>Paul&rsquo;s Case<p>James Joyce (1882-1941)<p>Araby<p>Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960)<p>Sweat<p>William Faulkner (1897-1962)<p>A Rose for Emily<p>Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961)<p>&bull; Up in Michigan<p>John Steinbeck (1902-1968)<p>The Chrysanthemums<p>Richard Wright (1908-1960)<p>The Man Who Was Almost a Man<p>John Cheever (1912-1982)<p>Reunion<p>Ralph Ellison (1914-1995)<p>A Party Down at the Square<p>Shirley Jackson (1919-1965)<p>The Lottery<p>* Hisaye Yamamoto (b. 1921)<p>Seventeen Syllables<p>Flannery O&#39;Connor (1925-1964)<p>&bull; Everything That Rises Must Converge<p>Gabriel Garc&iacute;a M&aacute;rquez (b. 1928)<p>A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings<p>Chinua Achebe (b. 1930)<p>Dead Men&rsquo;s Path<p>Alice Munro (b. 1931)<p>&bull; The Bear Came Over the Mountain<p>Joyce Carol Oates (b. 1938)<p>Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?<p>Raymond Carver (1938-1988)<p>Cathedral<p>Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)<p>Happy Endings<p>Bobbie Ann Mason (b. 1940)<p>Shiloh<p>Alice Walker (b. 1944)<p>Everyday Use<p>* Tim O&rsquo;Brien<p>The Things They Carried<p>Tim Gautreaux (b. 1947)<p>Died and Gone to Vegas<p>Sandra Cisneros (b. 1954)<p>Woman Hollering Creek<p>Louise Erdrich (b. 1954)<p>The Red Convertible<p>Gish Jen (b. 1955)<p>In the American Society<p>Daniel Orozco (b. 1957)<p>Orientation<p>* Sherman Alexie<p>This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona<p>Poetry<p>Introduction to Poetry<p>An Anecdote&#58; Where Poetry Starts<p>Speaker, Listener, and Context<p>&ldquo;The Star-Spangled Banner&rdquo;<p>Lyric, Narrative, Dramatic<p>The Language of Poetry<p>Figurative Language<p>Allegory and Symbol<p>Tone of Voice<p>Repetition&#58; Sounds and Schemes<p>Meter and Rhythm<p>Free Verse and Open Form<p>Stanza Forms<p>Fixed Forms<p>Literary History and Poetic Conventions<p>Anonymous<p>Western Wind<p>Bonny Barbara Allan<p>Sir Patrick Spens<p>Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503?-1542)<p>They Flee from Me<p>Whoso List to Hunt<p>Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)<p>Amoretti&#58; Sonnet 75<p>Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)<p>Astrophel and Stella&#58; Sonnet 1<p>Robert Southwell (1561?-1595)<p>The Burning Babe<p>Michael Drayton (1563-1631)<p>Idea&#58; Sonnet 61<p>William Shakespeare (1564-1616)<p>Sonnet 18<p>Sonnet 20<p>Sonnet 29<p>Sonnet 73<p>Sonnet 116<p>Sonnet 130<p>When Daisies Pied (Spring and Winter)<p>Thomas Campion (1567-1620)<p>There Is a Garden in Her Face<p>John Donne (1572-1631)<p>The Flea<p>Holy Sonnet 10<p>Holy Sonnet 14<p>&bull; The Sun Rising<p>A Valediction&#58; Forbidding Mourning<p>Ben Jonson (1573-1637)<p>On My First Son<p>Slow, Slow, Fresh Fount<p>Mary Wroth (1587?-1651?)<p>In this Strange Labyrinth How Shall I Turn<p>Robert Herrick (1591-1674)<p>To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time<p>George Herbert (1593-1633)<p>Easter Wings<p>Love (III)<p>The Pulley<p>Redemption<p>Edmund Waller (1606-1687)<p>Song<p>John Milton (1608-1674)<p>How Soon Hath Time<p>On the Late Massacre in Piedmont<p>When I Consider How My Light Is Spent<p>Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672)<p>The Author to Her Book<p>Richard Lovelace (1618-1658)<p>To Lucasta, Going to the Wars<p>Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)<p>To His Coy Mistress<p>John Dryden (1631-1700)<p>To the Memory of Mr. Oldham<p>Edward Taylor (1642-1729)<p>Huswifery<p>Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)<p>A Description of a City Shower<p>Alexander Pope (1688-1744)<p>from An Essay on Criticism<p>Ode on Solitude<p>Thomas Gray (1716-1771)<p>Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<p>William Blake (1757-1827)<p>The Chimney Sweeper<p>The Little Black Boy<p>A Poison Tree<p>The Tyger<p>Robert Burns (1759-1796)<p>A Red, Red Rose<p>John Barleycorn<p>William Wordsworth (1770-1850)<p>I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<p>It Is a Beauteous Evening<p>Ode&#58; Intimations of Immortality<p>Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)<p>Frost at Midnight<p>Kubla Khan<p>Work Without Hope<p>George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)<p>She Walks in Beauty<p>Stanzas<p>When We Two Parted<p>Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)<p>Ode to the West Wind<p>Ozymandias<p>William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)<p>To the Fringed Gentian<p>John Keats (1795-1821)<p>La Belle Dame sans Merci<p>Ode to a Nightingale<p>On First Looking into Chapman&#39;s Homer<p>When I Have Fears<p>Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)<p>Sonnets from the Portuguese, 18<p>Sonnets from the Portuguese, 43<p>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882)<p>The Arsenal at Springfield<p>The Cross of Snow<p>Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)<p>The Haunted Palace<p>The Raven<p>* Sonnet to Science<p>Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809-1892)<p>The Lady of Shallot<p>Tears, Idle Tears<p>Ulysses<p>Robert Browning (1812-1889)<p>My Last Duchess<p>Porphyria&#39;s Lover<p>&bull; Prospice<p>Walt Whitman (1819-1892)<p>A Noiseless Patient Spider<p>O Captain, My Captain<p>&bull; A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Grey and Dim<p>Song of Myself, 6<p>Song of Myself, 11<p>When I Heard the Learn&#39;d Astronomer<p>Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)<p>Dover Beach<p>Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)<p>After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes<p>Because I Could Not Stop for Death<p>The Brain Is Wider than the Sky<p>A Narrow Fellow in the Grass<p>Some Keep the Sabbath Going to Church<p>The Soul Selects Her Own Society<p>Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant<p>Wild Nights&#151;Wild Nights<p>Christina Rossetti (1830-1894)<p>Up-Hill<p>Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)<p>Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave?<p>* Chanel Firing<p>&bull; The Man He Killed<p>Neutral Tones<p>The Ruined Maid<p>Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844-1889)<p>God&#39;s Grandeur<p>Pied Beauty<p>Spring and Fall&#58; To a Young Child<p>Emma Lazarus (1849-1887)<p>The New Colossus<p>A. E. Housman (1859-1936)<p>Eight O&#39;Clock<p>Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now<p>Stars, I Have Seen Them Fall<p>&ldquo;Terence, This Is Stupid Stuff . . .&rdquo;<p>William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)<p>The Lake Isle of Innisfree<p>Leda and the Swan<p>Sailing to Byzantium<p>The Second Coming<p>The Song of Wandering Aengus<p>Edwin Arlington Robinson (1869-1935)<p>Firelight<p>The Mill<p>Richard Cory<p>Stephen Crane (1871-1900)<p>The Trees in the Garden Rained Flowers<p>The Wayfarer<p>Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906)<p>We Wear the Mask<p>Robert Frost (1874-1963)<p>Acquainted with the Night<p>After Apple-Picking<p>Design<p>Home Burial<p>The Road Not Taken<p>Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening<p>Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1034)<p>Amaze<p>Languor after Pain<p>Trapped<p>Wallace Stevens (1879-1955)<p>Anecdote of the Jar<p>Disillusionment of Ten O&#39;Clock<p>The Emperor of Ice-Cream<p>The Snow Man<p>Sunday Morning<p>&bull; The Worms at Heaven&rsquo;s Gate<p>William Carlos Williams (1883-1963)<p>The Last Words of My English Grandmother<p>The Red Wheelbarrow<p>Spring and All<p>Ezra Pound (1885-1972)<p>In a Station of the Metro<p>Portrait d&#39;une Femme<p>The River-Merchant&#39;s Wife&#58; A Letter<p>Elinor Wylie (1885-1928)<p>Let No Charitable Hope<p>Ophelia<p>H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) (1886-1961)<p>Pear Tree<p>Sea Rose<p>Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967)<p>Dreamers<p>Robinson Jeffers (1887-1962)<p>The Purse-Seine<p>Marianne Moore (1887-1972)<p>The Fish<p>Silence<p>T. S. Eliot (1888-1965)<p>Journey of the Magi<p>The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock<p>John Crowe Ransom (1888-1974)<p>Piazza Piece<p>Edna St. Vincent Millay (1892-1950)<p>If I Should Learn, in Some Quite Casual Way<p>Oh, Oh, You Will Be Sorry for that Word<p>What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why<p>Wilfred Owen (1893-1918)<p>Dulce et Decorum Est<p>e. e. cummings (1894-1962)<p>nobody loses all the time<p>pity this busy monster,manunkind<p>* plato told<p>r-p-o-p-h-e-s-s-a-g-r<p>Jean Toomer (1894-1967)<p>Georgia Dusk<p>Louise Bogan (1897-1970)<p>Women<p>Hart Crane (1899-1933)<p>Chaplinesque<p>Langston Hughes (1902-1967)<p>Dream Boogie<p>Theme for English B<p>The Weary Blues<p>Countee Cullen (1903-1946)<p>Incident<p>Yet Do I Marvel<p>A. D. Hope (1907-2000)<p>Imperial Adam<p>W. H. Auden (1907-1973)<p>As I Walked Out One Evening<p>Mus&eacute;e des Beaux Arts<p>The Unknown Citizen<p>Theodore Roethke (1908-1963)<p>Dolor<p>My Papa&#39;s Waltz<p>Root Cellar<p>Elizabeth Bishop (1911-1979)<p>The Fish<p>One Art<p>Sestina<p>Robert Hayden (1913-1980)<p>Those Winter Sundays<p>Dudley Randall (b. 1914)<p>Ballad of Birmingham<p>William Stafford (1914-1993)<p>Traveling through the Dark<p>Dylan Thomas (1914-1953)<p>Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night<p>Poem in October<p>Weldon Kees (1914-1955)<p>For My Daughter<p>Randall Jarrell (1914-1965)<p>&bull; 8^th Air Force<p>The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner<p>Margaret Walker (b. 1915)<p>For Malcolm X<p>Gwendolyn Brooks (1917-2000)<p>the ballad of chocolate Mabbie<p>the mother<p>We Real Cool<p>Robert Lowell (1917-1977)<p>For the Union Dead<p>Lawrence Ferlinghetti (b. 1919)<p>A Coney Island of the Mind, #15<p>May Swenson (1919-1989)<p>How Everything Happens<p>Howard Nemerov (1920-1991)<p>A Primer of the Daily Round<p>Richard Wilbur (b. 1921)<p>&bull; Altitudes<p>The Writer<p>Year&#39;s End<p>Philip Larkin (1922-1985)<p>Next, Please<p>This Be the Verse<p>&bull; The Whitsun Weddings<p>James Dickey (1923-1997)<p>The Heaven of Animals<p>Alan Dugan (b. 1923)<p>Love Song&#58; I and Thou<p>Anthony Hecht (b. 1923)<p>&bull; The Dover Bitch<p>Third Avenue in Sunlight<p>Denise Levertov (1923-1999)<p>The Ache of Marriage<p>Louis Simpson (b. 1923)<p>American Classic<p>My Father in the Night Commanding No<p>Vassar Miller (1924-1997)<p>Subterfuge<p>Donald Justice (b. 1925)<p>Counting the Mad<p>Carolyn Kizer (b. 1925)<p>The Ungrateful Garden<p>Maxine Kumin (b. 1925)<p>Noted in the New York Times<p>Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997)<p>A Supermarket in California<p>James Merrill (1926-1995)<p>Casual Wear<p>W. D. Snodgrass (b. 1926)<p>Mementos, I<p>Frank O&#39;Hara (1926-1966)<p>The Day Lady Died<p>John Ashbery (b. 1927)<p>Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape<p>Paradoxes and Oxymorons<p>W. S. Merwin (b. 1927)<p>For the Anniversary of My Death<p>The Last One<p>James Wright (1927-1980)<p>Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio<p>Saint Judas<p>Philip Levine (b. 1928)<p>You Can Have It<p>Anne Sexton (1928-1974)<p>Cinderella<p>Thom Gunn (b. 1929)<p>From the Wave<p>Terminal<p>X. J. Kennedy (b. 1929)<p>In a Prominent Bar in Secaucus One Day<p>&bull; Little Elegy<p>Adrienne Rich (b. 1929)<p>Aunt Jennifer&#39;s Tigers<p>Diving into the Wreck<p>Rape<p>Ted Hughes (b. 1930)<p>Pike<p>Gary Snyder (b. 1930)<p>A Walk<p>Derek Walcott (b. 1930)<p>Central America<p>Miller Williams (b. 1930)<p>The Book<p>Linda Pastan (b. 1932)<p>Ethics<p>Sylvia Plath (1932-1963)<p>Daddy<p>Edge<p>Metaphors<p>Gerald Barrax (b. 1933)<p>Strangers like Us&#58; Pittsburgh, Raleigh, 1945-1985<p>Mark Strand (b. 1934)<p>The Tunnel<p>Russel Edson (b. 1935)<p>Ape<p>Mary Oliver (b. 1935)<p>The Black Walnut Tree<p>Fred Chappell (b. 1936)<p>Narcissus and Echo<p>Lucille Clifton (b. 1936)<p>homage to my hips<p>wishes for sons<p>Marge Piercy (b. 1936)<p>What&rsquo;s That Smell in the Kitchen?<p>Betty Adcock (b. 1938)<p>Voyages<p>Gary Gildner (b. 1938)<p>First Practice<p>Robert Phillips (b. 1938)<p>&bull; The Stone Crab&#58; A Love Poem<p>Dabney Stuart (b. 1938)<p>Discovering My Daughter<p>Margaret Atwood (b. 1939)<p>Siren Song<p>Stephen Dunn (b. 1939)<p>The Sacred<p>Seamus Heaney (b. 1939)<p>Punishment<p>* Clive James (b. 1959)<p>After the Storm<p>Ted Kooser (b. 1939)<p>Abandoned Farmhouse<p>Tom Disch (b. 1940)<p>Ballade of the New God<p>Florence Cassen Mayers (b. 1940)<p>All American Sestina<p>Pattiann Rogers (b. 1940)<p>Foreplay<p>Billy Collins (b. 1941)<p>Litany<p>Robert Hass (b. 1941)<p>&bull; Meditation at Lagunitas<p>Simon J. Ortiz (b. 1941)<p>The Serenity in Stones<p>Gibbons Ruark (b. 1941)<p>The Visitor<p>Gladys Cardiff (b. 1942)<p>Combing<p>B.H. Fairchild (b. 1942)<p>Body and Soul<p>Charles Martin (b. 1942)<p>E.S.L.<p>Sharon Olds (b. 1942)<p>The One Girl at the Boys Party<p>Diane Lockward (b. 1943)<p>My Husband Discovers Poetry<p>Ellen Bryant Voight (b. 1943)<p>Daughter<p>Robert Morgan (b. 1944)<p>Mountain Bride<p>Craig Raine (b. 1944)<p>A Martian Sends a Postcard Home<p>Enid Shomer (b. 1944)<p>Women Bathing at Bergen-Belsen<p>Wendy Cope (b. 1944)<p>Rondeau Redoubl&eacute;<p>Dick Davis (b. 1945)<p>A Monorhyme for the Shower<p>Kay Ryan (b. 1945)<p>Bestiary<p>Leon Stokesbury (b. 1945)<p>The Day Kennedy Died<p>* John Whitworth (b. 1945)<p>The Examiners<p>Marilyn Nelson (b. 1946)<p>The Ballad of Aunt Geneva<p>Ai (b. 1947)<p>Child Beater<p>Jim Hall (b. 1947)<p>Maybe Dats Your Pwoblem Too<p>Yusef Komunyakaa (b. 1947)<p>Facing It<p>Timothy Steele (b. 1948)<p>Sapphics Against Anger<p>James Fenton (b. 1949)<p>God, a Poem<p>Sarah Cortez (b. 1950)<p> Tu Negrito<p>Carolyn Forch&eacute; (b. 1950)<p>The Colonel<p>Dana Gioia (b. 1950)<p>Planting a Sequoia<p>Rodney Jones (b. 1950)<p>Winter Retreat&#58; Homage to Martin Luther King, Jr.<p>Timothy Murphy (b. 1950)<p>Case Notes<p>Joy Harjo (b. 1951)<p>She Had Some Horses<p>Andrew Hudgins (b. 1951)<p>Air View of an Industrial Scene<p>Judith Ortiz Cofer (b. 1952)<p>The Latin Deli&#58; An Ars Poetica<p>Rita Dove (b. 1952)<p>&bull; American Smooth<p>Mark Jarman (b. 1952)<p>After Disappointment<p>Julie Kane (b. 1952)<p>Alan Doll Rap<p>Naomi Shihab Nye (b. 1952)<p>The Traveling Onion<p>Alberto R&iacute;os (b. 1952)<p>The Purpose of Altar Boys<p>Julia Alvarez (b. 1953)<p>Bilingual Sestina<p>Harryette Mullen (b. 1953)<p>Dim Lady<p>Kim Addonizio (b. 1954)<p>* Sonnenizio on a Line from Michael Drayton<p>David Mason (b. 1954)<p>&bull; Fog Horns<p>Mary Jo Salter (b. 1954)<p>Welcome to Hiroshima<p>Cathy Song (b. 1955)<p>Stamp Collecting<p>Ginger Andrews (b. 1956)<p>Primping in the Rearview Mirror<p>* Joseph Harrison (b. 1957)<p>Air Larry<p>Catherine Tufariello (b. 1963)<p>Useful Advice<p>Sherman Alexie (b. 1966)<p>The Exaggeration of Despair<p>Natasha Trethewey (b. 1966)<p>Domestic Work, 1937<p>* Brian Turner (b. 1967)<p>Here, Bullet<p>Suji Kwock Kim (b. 1968)<p>Occupation<p>* Allison Joseph (b. 1967)<p>The Athlete<p>A. E. Stallings (b. 1968)<p>&bull; First Love&#58; A Quiz<p>Beth Ann Fennelly (b. 1971)<p>Asked for a Happy Memory of Her Father, She Recalls Wrigley Field<p>* Sophie Hannah (b. 1971)<p>The Guest Speaker<p>* Emily Moore (b. 1977)<p>Auld Lang Syne<p>Drama<p>Introduction to Drama<p>The Play&rsquo;s the Thing<p>Origins of Drama<p>Aristotle on Tragedy<p>Brief History and Description of Dramatic Conventions<p>Sophocles (496?-406 B.C.)<p>&bull; Antigone<p>William Shakespeare (1564-1616)<p>Othello<p>Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)<p>&bull; An Enemy of the People<p>Susan Glaspell (1882-1948)<p>Trifles<p>Tennessee Williams (1911-1983)<p>The Glass Menagerie<p>Athold Fugard (b. 1932)<p>&ldquo;Master Harold&rdquo; . . . and the boys<p>August Wilson (b. 1945)<p>The Piano Lesson<p>David Ives (b. 1950)<p>&bull; Sure Thing<p>* Milcha Sanchez-Scott (b. 1953)<p>The Cuban Swimmer<p>* Arlene Hutton (b. 1958)<p>A Dream Before I Take the Stand<p>Appendix A&#58; Writing about Literature

<p><B>Bill McKibben</B> is the author of ten books, including <I>The End of Nature</I>, <I>The Age of Missing Information</I>, and <I>Enough&#58; Staying Human in an Engineered Age</I>. A former staff writer for <I>The New Yorker</I>, he writes regularly for <I>Harper&#8217;s</I>, <I>The Atlantic Monthly</I>, and <I>The New York Review of Books</I>, among other publications. He is a scholar in residence at Middlebury College and lives in Vermont with his wife, the writer Sue Halpern, and their daughter.</p>

<p>As America and the world grapple with the consequences of global environmental change, writer and activist Bill McKibben offers this unprecedented, provocative, and timely anthology, gathering the best and most significant American environmental writing from the last two centuries.</p> <p>Classics of the environmental imagination-the essays of Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, and John Burroughs; Aldo Leopold's <i>A Sand County Almanac</i>; Rachel Carson's <i>Silent Spring</i>'are set against the inspiring story of an emerging activist movement, as revealed by newly uncovered reports of pioneering campaigns for conservation, passages from landmark legal opinions and legislation, and searing protest speeches. Here are some of America's greatest and most impassioned writers, taking a turn toward nature and recognizing the fragility of our situation on earth and the urgency of the search for a sustainable way of life. Thought-provoking essays on overpopulation, consumerism, energy policy, and the nature of 'nature' join ecologists' memoirs and intimate sketches of the habitats of endangered species. The anthology includes a detailed chronology of the environmental movement and American environmental history, as well as an 80-page color portfolio of illustrations.</p>

<b>AMERICAN EARTH</b> <b>Environmental Writing Since Thoreau</b> <br> <b>By Bill McKibben</b> <br> <b>THE LIBRARY OF AMERICA</b> <b>Copyright © 2008</b> <b>Literary Classics of the United States, New York, NY.<br> All right reserved.</b><br> <b>ISBN: 978-1-59853-020-9</b> <br> <br> <br> <br> <b>Chapter One</b> <b>HENRY DAVID THOREAU</b> <p>Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was born, grew up, lived out his life, and died in Concord, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard from 1833 to 1837, then signed on as a teacher at Concord Academy but was dismissed for refusing to whip students. He and his brother John opened an elementary school in 1838, where, according to some authorities, they invented the idea of the field trip. John became sick in 1841 and the brothers closed the school; Henry went to live with Ralph Waldo Emerson, beginning a long friendship with him and with the other members of the Transcendental Club, among them Bronson Alcott and Margaret Fuller. The other transcendentalists experimented with communes like Brook Farm, but Thoreau was more solitary, and the most important years in his life began in 1845 when he took up residence in a small cabin he'd built on the shore of Walden Pond a short walk from town. He spent two years, two months, and two days there, experimenting with simplifying his life. Thorean's isolation at Walden wasn't absolute or deliberately ascetic-he often returned to town to see friends and eat meals, had a steady stream of visitors (often too steady for his taste), and at one point engaged in a political protest, spending a night in Concord jail for his refusal to pay his poll tax. But it was notably productive: he returned to town with the draft of one book (<i>A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</i>) and the notes that he would spend the next six years turning into <i>Walden</i> (1854), perhaps the most remarkable book in the American canon. As dense as scripture, crowded with aphorism, <i>Walden</i> is full of enough ideas for a score of ordinary books. But it has lived as long and as fully as any other writing of its vintage and inspired all the best kinds of people: both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. claimed him as a major influence. Thoreau suffered from tuberculosis contracted during his college years: his condition worsened beginning in 1859, and he spent his last years revising his accounts of the Maine woods and other works. As he neared death his aunt Louisa asked him if he had made his peace with God. "I did not know we had ever quarreled," he said. He died at the age of 44.</p> <p>Picking a few fragments from his writings is an impossible task: an anthology of American environmental writing might well be one-third Thoreau. Here are a few entries from his copious journals, and then the description from <i>Walden</i> of the building of the famous cabin. "Huckleberries," a late essay or lecture-text, shows the modern nature essay being born, with a small root giving way to a luxuriant growth of thought and speculation.</p> <p><b><i>from Journals</i></b></p> <p>Oct. 24th 1837.</p> <p>The Mould our Deeds Leave.</p> <p>Every part of nature teaches that the passing away of one life is the making room for another. The oak dies down to the ground, leaving within its rind a rich virgin mould, which will impart a vigorous life to an infant forest - - The pine leaves a sandy and sterile soil-the harder woods a strong and fruitful mould. - -</p> <p>So this constant abrasion and decay makes the soil of my future growth. As I live now so shall I reap. If I grow pines and birches, my virgin mould will not sustain the oak, but pines and birches, or, perchance, weeds and brambles, will constitute my second growth. - -</p> <p>March 6th 1838</p> <p>- - How can a man sit down and quietly pare his nails, while the earth goes gyrating ahead amid such a din of sphere music, whirling him along about her axis some twenty four thousand miles between sun and sun? but mainly in a circle some two millions of miles actual progress. And then such a hurly-burly on the surface-wind always blowing-now a zephyr, now a hurricane-tides never idle, ever fluctuating, no rest for Niagara, but perpetual ran-tan on those limestone rocks-and then that summer simmering which our ears are used to-which would otherwise be christened confusion worse confounded, but is now ironically called "silence audible"-and above all the incessant tinkering named hum of industry-the hurrying to and fro and confused jabbering of men-Can man do less than get up and shake himself?</p> <p>April 24th 1838.</p> <p>Steam ships</p> <p>-Men have been contriving new means and modes of motion-Steam ships have been westering during these late days and nights on the Atlantic waves-the fuglers of a new evolution to this generation - - Meanwhile plants spring silently by the brook sides-and the grim woods wave indifferent-the earth emits no howl pot on fire simmers and seethes and men go about their business. - -</p> <p>Saturday March 19th 1842</p> <p>When I walk in the fields of Concord and meditate on the destiny of this prosperous slip of the Saxon <i>family</i>-the unexhausted energies of this new country-I forget that this which is now Concord was once Musketaquid and that the <i>American race</i> has had its destiny also. Everywhere in the fields-in the corn and grain land-the earth is strewn with the relics of a race which has vanished as completely as if trodden in with the earth.</p> <p>I find it good to remember the eternity behind me as well as the eternity before. Where ever I go I tread in the tracks of the Indian-I pick up the bolt which he has but just dropped at my feet. And if I consider destiny I am on his trail. I scatter his hearth stones with my feet, and pick out of the embers of his fire the simple but enduring implements of the wigwam and the chace-In planting my corn in the same furrow which yielded its increase to his support so long-I displace some memorial of him.</p> <p>I have been walking this afternoon over a pleasant field planted with winter rye-near the house. Where this strange people once had their dwelling place. Another species of mortal men but little less wild to me than the musquash they hunted-Strange spirits-daemons-whose eyes could never meet mine. With another nature-and another fate than mine- The crows flew over the edge of the woods, and wheeling over my head seemed to rebuke-as dark winged spirits more akin to the Indian than I. Perhaps only the present disguise of the Indian- If the new has a meaning so has the old.</p> <p>Nature has her russet hues as well as green-Indeed our eye splits on every object, and we can as well take one path as the other-If I consider its history it is old-if its destiny it is new-I may see a part of an object or the whole-I will not be imposed on and think nature is old, because the season is advanced I will study the botany of the mosses and fungi on the decayed-and remember that decayed wood is not old, but has just begun to be what it is. I need not think of the pine almond or the acorn and sapling when I meet the fallen pine or oak-more than of the generations of pines and oaks which have fed the young tree.</p> <p>The new blade of the corn-the third leaf of the melon-these are not green but gray with time, but sere in respect of time.</p> <p>September 12, 1851</p> <p>2 PM To the Three Friends' Hill beyond Flints Pond-via RR. RWEs Wood Path S side Walden-Geo Heywood's Cleared Lot &amp; Smith's orchards-return via E of Flints' P via Goose P &amp; my old home to RR-</p> <p>I go to Flints P. for the sake of the <i>Mt</i> view from the hill beyond looking over Concord. I have thought it the best especially in the winter which I can get in this neighborhood. It is worth the while to see the <i>Mts</i> in the horizon once a day. I have thus seen some earth which corresponds to my least earthly &amp; trivial-to my most heaven-ward looking thoughts-The earth seen through an azure an etherial veil. They are the natural <i>temples</i> elevated brows of the earth-looking at which the thoughts of the beholder are naturally elevated and etherialized. I wish to see the earth through the medium of much air or heaven-for there is no paint like the air. <i>Mts</i> thus seen are worthy of worship. I go to Flints' Pond also to see a rippling lake &amp; a reedy-island in its midst-Reed Island.</p> <p>A man should feed his senses with the best that the land affords</p> <p>At the entrance to the Deep Cut I heard the telegraph wire vibrating like an AÆolian Harp. It reminded me suddenly-reservedly with a beautiful paucity of communication-even silently, such was its effect on my thoughts-It reminded me, I say, with a certain pathetic moderation-of what finer &amp; deeper stirrings I was susceptible-which grandly set all argument &amp; dispute aside- -a triumphant though transient exhibition of the truth. It told me by the faintest imaginable strain-it told me by the finest strain that a human ear can hear-yet conclusively &amp; past all refutation-that there were higher infinitely higher plains of life-which it behoved me never to forget. As I was entering the Deep Cut the wind which was conveying a message to me from heaven dropt it on the wire of the telegraph which it vibrated as it past. I instantly sat down on a stone at the foot of the telegraph pole-&amp; attended to the communication. It merely said "Bear in mind, Child &amp; never for an instant forget-that there are higher plains infinitely higher plains of life than this thou art now travelling on. Know that the goal is distant &amp; is upward and is worthy all your life's efforts to attain to." And then it ceased and though I sat some minutes longer I heard nothing more.</p> <p>There is every variety &amp; degree of inspiration from mere fullness of life to the most rapt mood. A human soul is played on even as this wire-which now vibrates slowly &amp; gently so that the passer can hardly hear it &amp; anon the sound swells &amp; vibrates with such intensity as if it would rend the wire-as far as the elasticity &amp; tension of the wire permits-and now it dies away and is silent-&amp; though the breeze continues to sweep over it, no strain comes from it-&amp; the traveller hearkens in vain. It is no small gain to have this wire stretched through Concord though there may be no Office here. Thus I make my own use of the telegraph-without consulting the Directors-like the sparrows which I perceive use it extensively for a perch.</p> <p>Shall I not go to this office to hear if there is any communication for me-as steadily as to the Post office in the village?</p> <p>Tuesday Dec 30th</p> <p>Mem. Go to the Deep Cut. The flies now crawl forth from the crevices all covered with dust, dreaming of summer-without life or energy enough to clean their wings</p> <p>This afternoon being on fair Haven Hill I heard the sound of a saw-and soon after from the cliff saw two men sawing down a noble pine beneath about 40 rods off. I resolved to watch it till it fell-the last of a dozen or more which were left when the forest was cut and for 15 years have waved in solitary majesty over the sproutland. I saw them like beavers or insects gnawing at the trunk of this noble tree, the diminutive mannikins with their crosscut saw which could scarcely span it. It towered up a hundred feet as I afterward found by measurement-one of the tallest probably now in the township &amp; straight as an arrow, but slanting a little toward the hill side.-its top seen against the frozen river &amp; the hills of Conantum. I watch closely to see when it begins to move. Now the sawers stop-and with an axe open it a little on the side toward which it leans that it may break the faster. And now their saw goes again-Now surely it is going-it is inclined one quarter of the quadrant, and breathless I expect its crashing fall-But no I was mistaken it has not moved an inch, it stands at the same angle as at first. It is 15 minutes yet to its fall. Still its branches wave in the wind as if it were destined to stand for a century, and the wind soughs through its needles as of yore; it is still a forest tree-the most majestic tree that waves over Musketaquid.-The silvery sheen of the sunlight is reflected from its needles-it still affords an inaccessible crotch for the squirrel's nest not a lichen has forsaken its mastlike stem- -its raking mast-the hill is the hull. Now's the moment the mannikins at its base are fleeing from their crime-they have dropped the guilty saw &amp; axe. How slowly &amp; majestically it starts-as if it were only swayed by a summer breeze and would return without a sigh to its location in the air-&amp; now it fans the hill side with its fall and it lies down to its bed in the valley from which it is never to rise, as softly as a feather, folding its green mantle about it like a warrior-as if tired of standing it embraced the earth with silent joy.-returning its elements to the dust again-but hark! there you only saw-but did not hear-There now comes up a deafening crash to these rocks-advertising you that even trees do not die without a groan. It rushes to embrace the earth, &amp; mingle its elements with the dust. And now all is still once more &amp; forever both to eye &amp; ear.</p> <p>I went down and measured it. It was about 4 feet in diameter where it was sawed-about 100 feet long. Before I had reached it-the axe-men had already half divested it of its branches. Its gracefully spreading top was a perfect wreck on the hill side as if it had been made of glass-&amp; the tender cones of one years growth upon its summit appealed in vain &amp; too late to the mercy of the chopper. Already he has measured it with his axe-and marked out the mill logs it will make. And the space it occupied in upper air is vacant for the next 2 centuries. It is lumber He has laid waste the air. When the fish hawk in the spring revisits the banks of the Musketaquid, he will circle in vain to find his accustomed perch.-&amp; the henhawk will mourn for the pines lofty enough to protect her brood. A plant which it has taken two centuries to perfect rising by slow stages into the heavens-has this afternoon ceased to exist. Its sapling top had expanded to this January thaw as the forerunner of summers to come. Why does not the village bell sound a knell. I hear no knell tolled-I see no procession of mourners in the streets-or the woodland aisles-The squirrel has leapt to another tree-the hawk has circled further off-&amp; has now settled upon a new eyre but the woodman is preparing to lay his axe at the root of that also.</p> <p>Dec 31st</p> <p>The 3d warm day. now overcast and beginning to drizzle. Still it is inspiriting as the brightest weather though the sun surely is not agoing to shine. There is a latent light in the mist-as if there were more electricity than usual in the air. These are warm foggy days in winter which excite us.</p> <p>It reminds me this thick spring like weather, that 1 have not enough valued and attended to the pure clarity &amp; brilliancy of the winter skies-Consider in what respects the winter sunsets differ from the summer ones. Shall I ever in summer evenings see so celestial a reach of blue sky contrasting with amber as I have seen a few days since-The day sky in winter corresponds for clarity to the night sky in which the stars shine &amp; twinkle so brightly in this latitude.</p> <p>I am too late perhaps, to see the sand foliage in the deep cut-should have been there day before yesterday-it is now too wet &amp; soft.</p> <p><i>(Continues...)</i></p> <p><br> </p> <blockquote><br> Excerpted from <b>AMERICAN EARTH</b> by <b>Bill McKibben</b> Copyright © 2008 by Literary Classics of the United States, New York, NY.. Excerpted by permission.<br> All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.<br> Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.<br> </blockquote>

<p><P>As America and the world grapple with the consequences of global environmental change, writer and activist Bill McKibben offers this unprecedented, provocative, and timely anthology, gathering the best and most significant American environmental writing from the last two centuries. <P>Classics of the environmental imagination&#151;the essays of Henry David Thoreau, John Muir, and John Burroughs; Aldo Leopold's <i>A Sand County Almanac</i>; Rachel Carson's <i>Silent Spring</i>&#151;are set against the inspiring story of an emerging activist movement, as revealed by newly uncovered reports of pioneering campaigns for conservation, passages from landmark legal opinions and legislation, and searing protest speeches. Here are some of America's greatest and most impassioned writers, taking a turn toward nature and recognizing the fragility of our situation on earth and the urgency of the search for a sustainable way of life. Thought-provoking essays on overpopulation, consumerism, energy policy, and the nature of &ldquo;nature&rdquo; join ecologists' memoirs and intimate sketches of the habitats of endangered species. The anthology includes a detailed chronology of the environmental movement and American environmental history, as well as an 80-page color portfolio of illustrations.</p><h3>The Washington Post - Gregory McNamee</h3><p>What truly sets the anthology apart is not the mix of the obscure and the familiar but McKibben's habit of enlisting voices whom we are not accustomed to thinking of as environmentalists or ecologists. I'd be willing to bet that this is the first work of nature writing to feature the drawings of R. Crumb, of Zap Comix fame, alongside lyrics by Marvin Gaye&#8230;Well selected, full of surprises and informed by McKibben's thoughtful commentary, <i>American Earth</i> is the first anthology of American nature writing to come close to the standard Thomas Lyon set two decades ago with <i>"This Incomperable Lande": A Book of American Nature Writing.</i> Ours is an incomparable land indeed, and McKibben's collection is a welcome reminder.</p>

<b>Contents</b> Foreword, by Al Gore....................xvii<br>Introduction....................xxi<br>Henry David Thoreau from Journals....................2<br>from Walden; or, Life in the Woods....................9<br>from Huckleberries....................26<br>George Catlin from Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians....................37<br>Lydia Huntley Sigourney Fallen Forests....................46<br>Susan Fenimore Cooper from Rural Hours....................48<br>Table Rock Album....................59<br>Walt Whitman from Leaves of Grass George Perkins Marsh from Man and Nature....................71<br>P. T. Barnum from The Humbugs of the World....................81<br>John Muir from A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf....................85<br>A Wind-Storm in the Forests....................89<br>from My First Summer in the Sierra....................98<br>Hetch Hetchy Valley....................104<br>W.H.H. Murray from Adventures in the Wilderness....................113<br>Frederick Law Olmsted from A Review of Recent Changes, and Changes Which Have Been Projected, in the Plans of the Central Park....................120<br>J. Sterling Morton About Trees....................126<br>Theodore Roosevelt To Frank Michler Chapman....................130<br>To John Burroughs....................131<br>Speech at Grand Canyon, Arizona, May 6, 1903....................132<br>Mary Austin The Scavengers....................134<br>Nathaniel Southgate Shaler from Man and the Earth....................140<br>John Burroughs The Art of Seeing Things....................146<br>The Grist of the Gods....................159<br>Nature NearHome....................168<br>Gifford Pinchot Prosperity....................173<br>William T. Hornaday The Bird Tragedy on Laysan Island....................181<br>Theodore Dreiser A Certain Oil Refinery....................186<br>Gene Stratton-Porter The Last Passenger Pigeon....................192<br>Henry Beston Orion Rises on the Dunes....................205<br>Benton MacKaye The Indigenous and the Metropolitan....................209<br>J. N. "Ding" Darling "What a few more seasons will do to the ducks"....................224<br>Robert Marshall from Wintertrip into New Country....................225<br>Don Marquis what the ants are saying....................235<br>Caroline Henderson Letter from the Dust Bowl....................239<br>Donald Culross Peattie Birds That Are New Yorkers....................245<br>Robinson Jeffers The Answer....................251<br>Carmel Point....................252<br>John Steinbeck from The Grapes of Wrath....................254<br>Woody Guthrie This Land Is Your Land....................958<br>Marjory Stoneman Douglas from The Everglades&#58; River of Grass....................260<br>Aldo Leopold from A Sand County Almanac....................266<br>Berton Rouech&eacute; The Fog....................295<br>Edwin Way Teale The Longest Day....................313<br>Helen and Scott Nearing from Living the Good Life....................318<br>Sigurd F. Olson Northern Lights....................323<br>E. B. White Sootfall and Fallout....................327<br>Loren Eiseley How Flowers Changed the World....................337<br>William O. Douglas from My Wilderness&#58; The Pacific West....................348<br>Dissent in Sierra Club v. Morton....................355<br>Jane Jacobs from The Death and Life of Great America Cities....................359<br>Rachel Carson from Silent Spring....................366<br>Russell Baker The Great Paver....................377<br>Eliot Porter The Living Canyon....................380<br>Howard Zahniser from The Wilderness Act of 1964....................392<br>Lyndon B. Johnson Remarks at the Signing of the Highway Beautification Act of 1965....................395<br>Kenneth E. Boulding from The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth....................399<br>Lynn White Jr. On the Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis....................405<br>Edward Abbey Polemic&#58; Industrial Tourism and the National Parks....................413<br>Paul R. Ehrlich from The Population Bomb....................434<br>Garrett Hardin from The Tragedy of the Commons....................438<br>Philip K. Dick from Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?....................451<br>Colin Fletcher A Sample Day in the Kitchen....................454<br>R. Buckminster Fuller Spaceship Earth....................464<br>Stephanie Mills Mills College Valedictory Address....................469<br>Gary Snyder Smokey the Bear Sutra....................473<br>Covers the Ground....................477<br>Denis Hayes The Beginning....................480<br>Joseph Lelyveld Millions Join Earth Day Observances Across the Nation....................484<br>Joni Mitchell & Marvin Gage Big Yellow Taxi....................490<br>Mercy Mercy Me (The Ecology)....................491<br>John McPhee from Encounters with the Archdruid....................493<br>Friends of the Earth from Only One Earth....................500<br>Wendell Berry Manifesto&#58; The Mad Farmer Liberation Front....................505<br>The Making of a Marginal Farm....................507<br>Preserving Wildness....................516<br>Annie Dillard Fecundity....................531<br>Lewis Thomas The World's Biggest Membrane....................550<br>David R. Brower The Third Planet&#58; Operating Instructions....................555<br>Amory B. Lovins from Energy Strategy&#58; The Road Not Taken?....................559<br>N. Scott Momaday A First American Views His Land....................570<br>Leslie Marmon Silko from Ceremony....................582<br>R. Crumb A Short History of America....................591<br>Wes Jackson Outside the Solar Village&#58; One Utopian Farm....................595<br>Lois Marie Gibbs from Love Canal&#58; My Story....................609<br>Jonathan Schell from The Fate of the Earth....................622<br>William Cronon Seasons of Want and Plenty....................632<br>Alice Walker Everything Is a Human Being....................659<br>E. O. Wilson Bernhardsdorp....................671<br>C&eacute;sar Ch&aacute;vez Wrath of Grapes Boycott Speech....................690<br>Barry Lopez A Presentation of Whales....................696<br>W. S. Merwin Place....................716<br>Bill McKibben from The End of Nature....................718<br>Robert D. Bullard from Dumping in Dixie....................725<br>Mary Oliver The Summer Day....................737<br>Terry Tempest Williams from Refuge&#58; An Unnatural History of Family and Place....................739<br>Rick Bass from The Ninemile Wolves....................760<br>Alan Durning The Dubious Rewards of Consumption....................770<br>Scott Russell Sanders After the Flood....................781<br>George B. Schaller from The Last Panda....................790<br>Ellen Meloy The Flora and Fauna of Las Vegas....................793<br>Linda Hogan Dwellings....................809<br>David Abram from The Ecology of Magic....................815<br>Jack Turner The Song of the White Pelican....................835<br>Carl Anthony & Ren&eacute;e Soule A Multicultural Approach to Ecopsychology....................849<br>Al Gore Speech at the Kyoto Climate Change Conference....................855<br>Richard Nelson from Heart and Blood&#58; Living with Deer in America....................860<br>David Quammen Planet of Weeds....................874<br>Janisse Ray from Ecology of a Cracker Childhood....................898<br>Julia Butterfly Hill from The Legacy of Luna....................907<br>Calvin B. DeWitt from Inspirations for Sustaining Life on Earth&#58; Greeting Friends in Their Andean Gardens....................920<br>Sandra Steingraber from Having Faith....................929<br>Barbara Kingsolver Knowing Our Place....................939<br>Michael Pollan from The Omnivore's Dilemma....................948<br>Paul Hawken from Blessed Unrest....................961<br>Rebecca Solnit The Thoreau Problem....................971<br>Chronology....................997<br>Note on the Illustrations....................1005<br>Sources and Acknowledgments....................1015<br>Index....................1025<br>

<article> <h4>Gregory McNamee</h4>What truly sets the anthology apart is not the mix of the obscure and the familiar but McKibben's habit of enlisting voices whom we are not accustomed to thinking of as environmentalists or ecologists. I'd be willing to bet that this is the first work of nature writing to feature the drawings of R. Crumb, of Zap Comix fame, alongside lyrics by Marvin Gaye…Well selected, full of surprises and informed by McKibben's thoughtful commentary, <i>American Earth</i> is the first anthology of American nature writing to come close to the standard Thomas Lyon set two decades ago with <i>"This Incomperable Lande": A Book of American Nature Writing.</i> Ours is an incomparable land indeed, and McKibben's collection is a welcome reminder.<br> —The Washington Post </article> <article> <h4>Publishers Weekly</h4><p>In his introduction to this superb anthology, McKibben (<i>The End of Nature</i>) proposes that "environmental writing is America's most distinctive contribution to the world's literature." The collected pieces amply prove the point. Arranged chronologically, McKibben's selection of more than 100 writers includes some of the great early conservationists, such as Henry David Thoreau, John Muir and John Burroughs, and many other eloquent nature writers, including Donald Cultross Peattie, Edwin Way Teale and Henry Beston. The early exponents of national parks and wilderness areas have their say, as do writers who have borne witness to environmental degradation-John Steinbeck and Caroline Henderson on the dust bowl, for example, and Berton Roueché and others who have reported on the effects of toxic pollution. Visionaries like Buckminster Fuller and Amory Lovins are represented, as are a wealth of contemporary activist/writers, among them Barry Lopez, Terry Tempest Williams, Barbara Kingsolver, Michael Pollan, Paul Hawken, and Calvin deWitt, cofounder of the Evangelical Environmental Network. McKibben's trenchant introductions to the pieces sum up each writer's thoughts and form a running commentary on the progress of the conservation movement. The book, being published on Earth Day, can be read as a survey of the literature of American environmentalism, but above all, it should be enjoyed for the sheer beauty of the writing. 80-page color illus, not seen by <i>PW</i>. <i>(Apr. 22 [Earth Day])</i></p> Copyright 2007 Reed Business Information </article><article> <h4>School Library Journal</h4><p>Adult/High School- There have been some excellent collections of nature writing published in recent years (<i>The Norton Anthology of Nature Writing</i> is one fine example), but not until now has there been a definitive anthology of American environmental writing. In this superbly edited volume, McKibben draws a clear distinction between the two. The best of the latter often celebrates nature, but also asks searching questions about the impact of human life on the planet. After a poignant foreword by Al Gore, as well as his own illuminating introduction, McKibben begins with the work of a writer, thinker, and activist ahead of his time, Henry David Thoreau, and ends the volume with Rebecca Solnit's essay, "The Thoreau Problem." She notes that many people think of Thoreau only as a man alone observing nature, but the author of "Civil Disobedience," before enjoying his day of huckleberry picking, spent a night in jail rather than pay taxes to a government guilty of ignoring the higher laws of nature. This vast and varied collection, arranged chronologically, includes many seminal names, such as John Muir, Rachel Carson, and Wendell Berry, and some that are less well known or unexpected, like Benton MacKaye, Caroline Henderson, P. T. Barnum, and Philip K. Dick. Most of the selections derive from longer prose works, but there is also a smattering of poems, song lyrics, and cartoons. Although the heft of the volume might scare away some teens, others may realize that they could easily read bits and pieces, and that they would benefit greatly by any amount of time spent in these pages. Numerous photographs, many in full color, are included.-<i>Robert Saunderson, Berkeley Public Library,CA</i></p> </article>

<p><P><i>Humor Me</i> is a literary cavalcade of contemporary American funnymen&#151;and funnywomen&#151;of the page. Selected by the renowned humor-ist Ian Frazier and featuring more than fifty pieces of the greatest comic writing of our time, the book includes such masters of the form as Roy Blount, Jr., Bruce Jay Friedman, Veronica Geng, Jack Handey, Garrison Keillor, Steve Martin, and Calvin Trillin, as well as work by newer comic stars like Andy Borowitz, Larry Doyle, Simon Rich, George Saunders, and David Sedaris. <P>The pieces were published in the past thirty years in such popular magazines as <i>The New Yorker</i>, <i>McSweeney's</i>, <i>The Atlantic</i>, <i>National Lampoon</i>, and <i>Outside</i>. But the book also includes a handful of older comic masterpieces that nobody in need of a laugh should ever be without, among them classics by Bret Harte, Elizabeth Bishop, Donald Barthelme, and Mark Twain.</p>

<p><P>The author of books and essays about American poetry and fiction and the editor <b>Six American Poets</b>, Joel Conarroe is president of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, which awards fellowships to artists and scholars. He has previously served as chairman of the English department and dean of arts and sciences at the University of Pennsylvania and as executive director fo the Modern Language Association. He has earned degrees from Davidson College, Cornell University, and New York University, and has been awarded honorary doctorates by several institutions.</p>

<p>Here are the most enduring works of six great American poets, collected in a single authoritative volume. From the overflowing pantheism of Walt Whitman to the exquisite precision of Emily Dickinson; from the democratic clarity of William Carlos Williams to the cerebral luxuriance of Wallace Stevens; and from Robert Frost's deceptively homespun dramatic monologues to Langston Hughes's exuberant jazz-age lyrics, this anthology presents the best work of six makers of the modern American poetic tradition. <b>Six American Poets</b> includes 247 poems, among them such famous masterpieces as "I Hear America Singing," "The Idea of Order at Key West," "The Dance," and "Mending Wall," as well as lesser-known works. With perceptive introductory essays by the distinguished scholar Joel Conarroe and selections that capture the distinctive voices and visions of its authors, this volume is an invaluable addition to any poetry library.</p>

<p><P>Here are the most enduring works of six great American poets, collected in a single authoritative volume. From the overflowing pantheism of Walt Whitman to the exquisite precision of Emily Dickinson; from the democratic clarity of William Carlos Williams to the cerebral luxuriance of Wallace Stevens; and from Robert Frost's deceptively homespun dramatic monologues to Langston Hughes's exuberant jazz-age lyrics, this anthology presents the best work of six makers of the modern American poetic tradition. <b>Six American Poets</b> includes 247 poems, among them such famous masterpieces as &quot;I Hear America Singing,&quot; &quot;The Idea of Order at Key West,&quot; &quot;The Dance,&quot; and &quot;Mending Wall,&quot; as well as lesser-known works. With perceptive introductory essays by the distinguished scholar Joel Conarroe and selections that capture the distinctive voices and visions of its authors, this volume is an invaluable addition to any poetry library.</p><h3>Publishers Weekly</h3><p>A collection of famous and lesser-known poems by Whitman, Dickinson, Williams, Stevens, Frost and Hughes. (Dec.)</p>

<article> <h4>Publishers Weekly - <span class="author">Publisher's Weekly</span> </h4>A collection of famous and lesser-known poems by Whitman, Dickinson, Williams, Stevens, Frost and Hughes. (Dec.) </article> <article> <h4>Library Journal</h4>Unlike most recent anthologies of American poetry--which, because they are directed largely at an audience of other poets, strive frantically to be as inclusive as possible--Conarroe's selection aims at ``the general reader interested in being introduced, in an unhurried way, to some major voices.'' Selections are from America's greatest and most representative poets: Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Robert Frost, and Langston Hughes. Though one may cavil at particular omissions or inclusions, especially the practice of excerpting Whitman's ``Song of Myself,'' Conarroe's anthology is a superb introduction to the pleasures of poetry for the general reader. The fine introduction and prefaces provide added assistance to those who, starting here, will doubtlessly want to continue ex ploring poetry. Highly recommended. BOMC selection.-- Frank J. Lepkowski, Oakland Univ., Rochester, Mich. </article>

<p><P>This book includes both a large source for and section on how to use multicultural literature with students, as well as the latest in research and issues related to the topic. The materials noted in the book are both authentic and non-stereotyped. The book develops techniques that encourage higher thought processes, helping adults evaluate literature to determine authenticity and an understanding of the various cultures.</p>

<P><b><p>1. Introduction to Multicultural Literature<p></b>Developing a Study of Multicultural Literature<p>Availability of High Quality Multicultural Literature<p><b><p>2. African American Literature<p></b>Issues Related to African American Literature<p>Changing Availability of Quality Literature<p>Authors Who Write and Illustrate African American Literature<p>Traditional Literature<p>Historical Nonfiction and Fiction<p>African American Poetry<p>Involving Children with African American Literature<p><b><p>3. Native American Literature<p></b>Authors Who Write and Illustrate Native American Literature<p>Issues Related to Native American Literature<p>Traditional Literature<p>Historical Nonfiction and Fiction<p>Native American Poetry<p>Contemporary Realistic Fiction<p>Nonfiction Informational Books<p>Involving Children with Native American Literature<p><b><p>4. Latino Literature<p></b>Historical Perspectives<p>Authors Who Write and Illustrate Latino Literature<p>Values in Latino Culture<p>Folklore<p>Historical Nonfiction and Fiction<p>Contemporary Realistic Fiction and Nonfiction<p>Involving Children with Latino Literature<p><b><p>5. Asian Literature<p></b>Values That Are Part of the Cultures<p>Concerns Over Stereotypes in Literature from the Past<p>Asian Folklore<p>Early History of the People and the Culture<p>Poetry<p>Contemporary Literature with Asian Roots<p>Involving Children with Asian Literature<p>Visualizing Chinese Art<p>Writing Connections with Asian Literature<p><b><p>6. Jewish Literature<p></b>What Does It Mean to Be Jewish?<p>Folklore and Ancient Stories of the Jewish People<p>Early History of the Jewish People<p>Applying Knowledge Gained About Jewish Folklore<p>Years of Emigration and Immigration<p>The Holocaust in Children&#39;s and Young Adult Literature<p>Jewish Poetry<p>Contemporary Jewish Literature<p>Involving Children with Jewish Literature<p><b><p>7. Middle Eastern Literature<p></b>Historical Perspectives<p>Authors Who Write and Illustrate Middle Eastern Literature<p>Values Identified in the Culture and Literature<p>Folklore and Ancient Stories from the Middle East<p>Early History<p>Contemporary Literature with Middle Eastern Roots<p>Involving Children with Middle Eastern Literature<p>Visualizing Middle Eastern Art<p>Writing Connections with Middle Eastern Literature<p>

This resource helps adults explore the issues of discipleship and theology through guided interaction from selections of American literature. Listening for God includes excerpts from the works of eight contemporary American authors supplemented by author profiles, and discussion and reflection questions. <p>Included are selections from:</p> <p>James Baldwin Sue Miller Robert Olen Butler Doris Betts Michael Malone Allegra Goodman Alice Elliott Dark Kent Haruf</p>

<p>Where do you listen for God? In this new collection of stories and essays, the challenge is to pay attention everywhere. <I>Listening for God</i> is a resource intended to help readers investigate how life and faith merge in surprising ways and places. Contemporary American literature may not be the most predictable place to listen for God, but it may well turn out to be among the most rewarding.</p>

<table> <tr><td>Introduction</td></tr> <tr><td>1. John Cheever</td></tr> <tr><td>The Five-Forty-Eight</td></tr> <tr><td>2. Mary Gordon</td></tr> <tr><td>Mrs. Cassidy's Last Year</td></tr> <tr><td>3. Wendell Berry</td></tr> <tr><td>Pray without Ceasing</td></tr> <tr><td>4. Oscar Hijuelos</td></tr> <tr><td>Christmas 1967</td></tr> <tr><td>5. Reynolds Price</td></tr> <tr><td>Long Night</td></tr> <tr><td>6. Louis Erdrich</td></tr> <tr><td>Satan: Hijacker of a Planet</td></tr> <tr><td>7. Tess Gallagher</td></tr> <tr><td>The Woman Who Prayed</td></tr> <tr><td>8. Tillie Olsen</td></tr> <tr><td>O Yes</td></tr> <tr><td></td></tr> </table>

<p><p><b>PETER SCHAKEL</b> is Peter C. and Emajean Cook Professor of English at Hope College. He is author of <i>The Poetry of Jonathan Swift</i> (1978) and four books on C.S. Lewis, including<i> Imagination and the Arts in C.S. Lewis</i> (2002) and <i>The Way into Narnia&#58; A Reader's Guide</i> (2005). He is also editor of<i> Critical Approaches to Teaching Swift </i>(1992) and <i>The Longing for a Form&#58; Essays and Fiction on C.S. Lewis </i>(1977); coeditor with Charles A. Huttar of <i>Word and Story in C.S. Lewis</i> (1991) and<i> The Rhetoric of Vision&#58; Essays on Charles Williams</i> (1996). For Bedford/St. Martin's, with Jack Ridl he co-edited <i>Approaching Poetry</i> (1997) and <i>250 Poems</i> (2003), and he is coeditor with Janet Gardner, Beverley Lawn, and Jack Ridl of <i>Literature&#58; a Portable Anthology</i> (2004).<p><b>JACK RIDL</b> is Professor Emeritus of English at Hope College where he taught courses in literature, essay writing, poetry writing, and the nature of poetry for thirty-five years. He has published six volumes of poetry and more than 200 poems in some fifty literary magazines; his most recent collection, <i>Broken Symmetry</i>, was selected by the Society of Midland Authors as one of the two best volumes of poetry published in 2006. His chapbook <i>Against Elegies</i> received the 2001 Letterpress Award from the Center for Book Arts. His recognitions for teaching excellence include the Hope Outstanding Professor-Educator award at Hope College for 1976, the Michigan Teacher of the Year award from the Carnegie Foundation in 1996, and the Favorite Faculty/Staff Member award at Hope College in 2003. For Bedford/St. Martin's, with Peter Schakel he co-edited <i>Approaching Poetry</i> (1997) and<i> 250 Poems</i> (2003); and he is coeditor with Janet Gardner, Beverley Lawn, and Peter Schakel of <i>Literature&#58; a Portable Anthology</i> (2004).<b></b><p></p>

<p>Developed by authors with more than 50 years of teaching experience between them, <i>Approaching Literature</i> has been designed as a true alternative to more traditional literature anthologies. The authors conceived this anthology with three principles in mind: (1) that exposing students to the widest array of literature can help every one find common ground with that literature; (2) that contemporary literary works can serve as entry points to reading and appreciating the canonical literature that students often find unfamiliar, intimidating, and sometimes irrelevant; and (3) that the instruction in reading and writing about literature should be accessible and jargon-free to all students, not just potential English majors. With its streamlined and student-friendly instructional text, and its ongoing commitment to showcasing the most engaging and diverse literary works publishing right now, <i>Approaching Literature</i> is built from the ground up with today's students in mind.</p>

<p><p>Developed by authors with more than 50 years of teaching experience between them, <i>Approaching Literature</i> has been designed as a true alternative to more traditional literature anthologies. The authors conceived this anthology with three principles in mind&#58; (1) that exposing students to the widest array of literature can help every one find common ground with that literature; (2) that contemporary literary works can serve as entry points to reading and appreciating the canonical literature that students often find unfamiliar, intimidating, and sometimes irrelevant; and (3) that the instruction in reading and writing about literature should be accessible and jargon-free to all students, not just potential English majors. With its streamlined and student-friendly instructional text, and its ongoing commitment to showcasing the most engaging and diverse literary works publishing right now, <i>Approaching Literature</i> is built from the ground up with today's students in mind. <p></p>

<p>PART I. APPROACHING LITERATURE<p><B>1. Reading Literature&#58; <I>Taking Part in a Process<BR></B><BR></I><B>Sherman Alexie,</B><I> Superman and Me<p></I>The Nature of Reading<p>Active Reading<p>CHECKLIST on Active Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>Julia Alvarez, </B><I>Daughter of Invention<p></I><B>2. Writing in Response to Literature&#58; <I>Entering the Conversation<BR></B><BR></I><B>Alice Walker,</B><I> The Flowers<p></I>Writing in the Margins<p>Journal Writing<p>Discussing Literature<BR><B><BR>TIPS for Effective Journal Writing<p>TIPS for Participating in Class Discussions<p></B>Writing Essay Examination Answers<p>Writing Short Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS for Writing a Short Paper<p></B>Writing Research Papers<p>Writing Papers in Other Formats<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>PART II. APPROACHING FICTION<p><B>3. Reading Fiction&#58; <I>Responding to the Real World of Stories<p></B></I>What Is Fiction?<p>Why Read Fiction?<p>Active Reading&#58; Fiction<p>Rereading Fiction<p><B>4. Plot and Characters&#58; <I>Watching What Happens, to Whom<p></B></I>Reading for Plot<BR><I><BR></I><B>Dagoberto Gilb,</B><I> Love in L.A.<p></I>Reading for Characters<p>CHECKLIST for Reading About Plot and Character<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>Louise Erdrich,</B><I> The Red Convertible <BR></I><B><BR>Joyce Carol Oates,</B><I> Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<p>Writing About Plot and Character<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing About Plot and Character<p>Writing About Connnections<p></B>"Love and the City"&#58; Realizing Relationships in Dagoberto Gilb&#8217;s <I>Love in L.A.</I> and Raymond Carver&#8217;s <I>What We Talk about When We Talk about Love<p></I>"My Brother&#8217;s Keeper"&#58; Supportive Siblings in Louise Erdrich&#8217;s <I>The Red Convertible </I>and James Baldwin&#8217;s<I> Sonny&#8217;s Blues<p></I>"Good Men Are Hard to Find"&#58; Encounters with Evil in Joyce Carol Oates&#8217;s <I>Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?</I> and Flannery O&#8217;Connor&#8217;s <I>A Good Man Is Hard to Find</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>5. Point of View and Theme&#58; <I>Being Alert to Angles, Open to Insights<BR></I><BR>Sandra Cisneros,</B><I> The House on Mango Street<p></I>Reading for Narrator<p>Reading for Point of View<p>Theme<p>CHECKLIST for Reading about Point of View and Theme<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>Alice Walker,</B><I> Everyday Use<p></I>*<B>George Saunders,</B><I> The End of FIRPO in the World<p></I>Approaching Graphic Fiction<BR><I><BR></I>*<B>Lynda Barry,</B><I> Today&#8217;s Demon&#58; Magic<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<p>Writing About Point of View and Theme<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<p><B>TIPS on Writing about Point of View and Theme<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Staring Out Front Windows"&#58; Seeking Escape in Sandra Cisneros&#8217;s<I> The House on Mango Street</I> and James Joyce&#8217;s <I>Araby</I> <p>"Can You Come Home Again?"&#58; The Difficulty of Returning in Alice Walker&#8217;s <I>Everyday Use</I> and Monica Ali&#8217;s <I>Dinner with Dr. Azad</I> <p>"States of Mind That Matter"&#58; Approaching Death in George Saunders&#8217;s <I>The End of FIRPO in the World</I> and Katherine Anne Porter&#8217;s <I>The Jilting of Granny Weatherall</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>6. Setting and Symbol&#58; <I>Meeting Meaning in Places and Objects<p></B></I>Setting<BR><I><BR></I><B>Ernest Hemingway,</B><I> Hills Like White Elephants<p></I>Reading for Symbols<p>Reading for Allegory<p>CHECKLIST for Reading about Setting and Symbol<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>Tim O&#8217;Brien,</B><I> The Things They Carried<p></I>*<B>Edward P. Jones,</B><I> Bad Neighbors<p></I>*<B>Joe Sacco,</B><I> Complacency Kills <p></I><B>Writing About Symbol and Setting<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<p><B>TIPS on Writing about Setting and Symbol<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Secrets of the Heart"&#58; Keeping Hope Alive in Ernest Hemingway&#8217;s <I>Hills Like White Elephants</I> and David Means&#8217;s <I>The Secret Goldfish</I> <p>"Dying a Good Death"&#58; Struggles Over What Matters in Tim O&#8217;Brien&#8217;s<I> The Things They Carried</I> and Yiyun Li&#8217;s <I>Persimmons</I> <p>"&#8216;A Good Man Is Hard to Find&#8217;"&#58; Nature vs. Nurture in Edward P. Jones&#8217;s <I>Bad Neighbors</I> and Nathaniel Hawthorne&#8217;s <I>Young Goodman Brown</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>7. Style, Tone, and Irony&#58; <I>Attending to Expression and Attitude <BR></B><BR></I><B>Kate Chopin,</B><I> The Story of an Hour<p></I>Reading for Style<p>Reading for Tone<p>Reading for Irony<p>CHECKLIST on Reading about Style, Tone, and Irony<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>Toni Cade Bambara,</B><I> The Lesson<p></I>*<B>Katherine Min,</B><I> Courting a Monk<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<p>Writing About Style, Tone and Irony<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Style, Tone, and Irony<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Time for a Change"&#58; Kate Chopin&#8217;s <I>The Story of an Hour</I> and Jhumpa Lahiri&#8217;s <I>A Temporary Matter</I> <p>"Learning Out of School"&#58; Personal Maturity in Toni Cade Bambara&#8217;s <I>The Lesson</I> and John Updike&#8217;s <I>A & P</I> <p>"&#8216;Gather Ye Rosebuds&#8217;"&#58; Looking for Love in Katherine Min&#8217;s <I>Courting a Monk</I> and William Faulkner&#8217;s <I>A Rose for Emily</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>8. Writing about Fiction&#58; <I>Applying What You&#8217;ve Learned<p></B></I>Topics<BR><B><BR>TIPS for Writing Compare and Contrast Papers<p></B>Development<p><B>TIPS for Writing Social and Cultural Criticism<p></B>A Student Writer at Work&#58; Alicia Abood on the Writing Process<p><B>Student Paper&#58; </B>Alicia Abood, "Clips of Language&#58; The Effect of Diction in Dagoberto Gilb&#8217;s &#8216;Love in L.A.&#8217;"<p><B>9. An Author in Depth&#58; <I>Sherman Alexie&#58; Exploring One Writer&#8217;s World<BR></B><BR></I><B>Sherman Alexie,</B><I> This is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona<p></I><B>Sherman Alexie,</B><I> The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven<p></I>*<B>Sherman Alexie,</B><I> Somebody Kept Saying Powwow<p></I><B>Tomson Highway,</B><I> Interview with Sherman Alexie<p></I>*<B>Ase Nygren,</B><I> A World of Story-Smoke&#58; A Conversation with Sherman Alexie<BR></I><B><BR>Joseph L. Coulombe,</B><I> The Approximate Size of His Favorite Humor&#58; Sherman Alexie&#8217;s Comic Connections and Disconnections in </I>The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven<BR><I><BR></I>*<B>Jerome Denuccio,</B><I> Slow Dancing with Skeletons&#58; Sherman Alexie&#8217;s </I>The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven<BR><I><BR></I>*<B>James Cox,</B><I> Muting White Noise&#58; The Subversion of Popular Culture Narratives of Conquest in Sherman Alexie&#8217;s Fiction<p></I><B>10. A Collection of Stories&#58; <I>Visiting a Variety of Vistas<BR></B><BR></I>*<B>Monica Ali,</B><I> Dinner with Dr. Azad<BR></I><B><BR>Isabel Allende</B><I> </I>(Chile)<I>, And of Clay Are We Created<BR></I><B><BR>James Baldwin,</B><I> Sonny&#8217;s Blues<p></I>*<B>Melissa Bank, </B><I>The Wonder Spot<p></I>*<B>Raymond Carver,</B><I> What We Talk about When We Talk about Love<p></I>*<B>Judith Ortiz Cofer,</B><I> American History<p></I><B>Ralph Ellison,</B><I> Battle Royal<p></I><B>William Faulkner,</B><I> A Rose for Emily<BR></I><B><BR>Nathaniel Hawthorne,</B><I> Young Goodman Brown<BR></I><B><BR>Zora Neale Hurston,</B><I> Sweat<p></I>*<B>James Joyce,</B><I> Araby<p></I><B>Jamaica Kincaid,</B><I> Girl<p></I>*<B>Jhumpa Lahiri,</B><I> A Temporary Matter<p></I>*<B>Yiyun Li,</B><I> Persimmons <p></I><B>Gabriel Garc&#8217;a Marquez </B>(Columbia)<I>, A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings<p></I>*<B>David Means,</B><I> The Secret Goldfish<p></I>*<B>Ana Menendez, </B><I>Her Mother&#8217;s House<p></I><B>Toni Morrison,</B><I> Recitatif<p></I>*<B>Haruki Murakami,</B><I> Birthday Girl<p></I><B>Flannery O&#8217;Connor,</B><I> A Good Man Is Hard to Find<p></I><B>Tillie Olsen,</B><I> I Stand Here Ironing<p></I><B>Edgar Allen Poe,</B><I> The Cask of Amontillado<p></I><B>Katherine Anne Porter,</B><I> The Jilting of Granny Weatherall<p></I><B>Nahid Rachlin, </B><I>Departures<p></I><B>Salman Rushdie </B>(India)<I>, The Prophet&#8217;s Hair<BR></I><B><BR>Leslie Marmon Silko,</B><I> The Man to Send Rain Clouds<p></I>*<B>Zadie Smith,</B><I> The Girl with Bangs<p></I>*<B>John Steinbeck,</B><I> The Chrysanthemums<p></I><B>Amy Tan,</B><I> Two Kinds<BR></I><B><BR>John Updike,</B><I> A & P<p></I><B>Helena Mar&#8217;a Viramontes,</B><I> The Moths<p></I>PART III. APPROACHING POETRY<p><B>11. Reading Poetry&#58; <I>Realizing the Richness in Poems<p></B></I>What Is Poetry?<p>Why Read Poetry?<p>Active Reading&#58; Poetry<p>Rereading Poetry<p><B>12. Words and Images&#58; <I>Seizing on Sense and Sight<p></B></I>Denotation<BR><I><BR></I><B>Robert Hayden,</B><I> Those Winter Sundays<p></I>Connotation<BR><I><BR></I><B>Gwendolyn Brooks,</B><I> The Bean Eaters<p></I>Images<BR><I><BR></I><B>Maxine Kumin,</B><I> The Sound of Night<p></I><B>William Carlos Williams,</B><I> The Red Wheelbarrow<p></I>CHECKLIST on Reading for Words and Images<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>Allison Joseph,</B><I> On Being Told I Don&#8217;t Speak like a Black Person<p></I>*<B>Robert Bly,</B><I> Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter<BR></I><B><BR>Jonathan Swift,</B><I> A Description of the Morning<p></I><B>Garrett Kaoru Hongo,</B><I> Yellow Light<p></I><B>Robert Frost,</B><I> After Apple-Picking<p></I><B>Anita Endrezze,</B><I> The Girl Who Loved the Sky<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Words and Images<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Autumn Leaves"&#58; The Changing Seasons of Life in Robert Frost&#8217;s <I>After Apple-Picking</I> and Joseph Awad&#8217;s <I>Autumnal</I> <p>"Seeing the City"&#58; The Contrasting Perspectives of Jonathan Swift&#8217;s <I>A Description of the Morning</I> and Cheryl Savageau&#8217;s <I>Bones &#8212; A City Poem <p></I>"Impermanence&#8217;s Permanence"&#58; Anita Endrezze&#8217;s <I>The Girl Who Loved the Sky</I> and Edmund Spenser&#8217;s<I> One day I wrote her name upon the strand</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>13. Voice, Tone, and Sound&#58; <I>Hearing for How Sense Is Said<p></B></I>Voice<BR><I><BR></I><B>Li-young Lee,</B><I> Eating Alone<p></I><B>Charles Bukowski,</B><I> my old man<p></I>Dramatic Monologue<p>Tone<BR><I><BR></I><B>Theodore Roethke, </B><I>My Papa&#8217;s Waltz<p></I>Irony<BR><I><BR></I><B>Marge Piercy,</B><I> Barbie Doll<p></I>Sound<BR><I><BR></I><B>Sekou Sundiata,</B><I> Blink Your Eyes<p></I>CHECKLIST on Reading for Voice, Tone, and Sound<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>Wilfred Owen,</B><I> Dulce et Decorum Est<p></I><B>Yosef Komunyakaa,</B><I> Facing It<p></I><B>Richard Garcia</B><I>, Why I Left the Church<p></I>*<B>Billy Collins,</B><I> Consolation<p></I><B>Robert Browning,</B><I> My Last Duchess<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<p><B>TIPS on Writing about Voice, Tone, and Sound<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"All the Comforts of Home"&#58; Contrasting Spirits of Adventure in Billy Collins&#8217;s <I>Consolation</I> and Alfred, Lord Tennyson&#8217;s <I>Ulysses</I> <p>"Arms and the Man"&#58; War without Glory in Wilfred Owen&#8217;s <I>Dulce et Decorum Est </I>and Vievee Francis&#8217;s <I>Private Smith&#8217;s Primer</I> <p>"Dancing with the Dark"&#58; Movement and Memory in Theodore Roethke&#8217;s <I>My Papa&#8217;s Waltz</I> and Cornelius Eady&#8217;s <I>My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons <p></I><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>14. Form and Type&#58; <I>Delighting in Design<p></B></I>Lines<BR><I><BR></I><B>Gwendolyn Brooks,</B><I> We Real Cool<p></I>Stanzas<BR><I><BR></I><B>Countee Cullen, </B><I>Incident<p></I>Sonnets<BR><I><BR></I><B>William Shakespeare, </B><I>That time of year thou mayst in me behold<BR></I><B><BR>Claude McKay, </B><I>If we must die<BR></I><B><BR>Gerard Manley Hopkins,</B><I> God&#8217;s Grandeur<p></I><B>Helene Johnson,</B><I> Sonnet to a Negro in Harlem<p></I>Blank Verse and Couplets<p>Free Verse<BR><B><BR>Leslie Marmon Silko, </B><I>Prayer to the Pacific<p></I>Internal Form<p>CHECKLIST on Reading for Form and Type<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>James Wright,</B><I> A Blessing<BR></I><B><BR>Joy Harjo,</B><I> She Had Some Horses<p></I><B>William Butler Yeats,</B><I> The Lake Isle of Innisfree<p></I>*<B>Robert Herrick,</B><I> To Daffodils<p></I><B>David Mura,</B><I> Grandfather-in-law<p></I>*<B>Elizabeth Bishop,</B><I> Sestina<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Form and Type<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Amazing Grace"&#58; Being Blessed from within and from without in James Wright&#8217;s <I>A Blessing</I> and Galway Kinnell&#8217;s <I>Saint Francis and the Sow</I> <p>"&#8216;Which thou must leave ere long&#8217;"&#58; Approaching Separation in Elizabeth Bishop&#8217;s <I>Sestina</I> and William Shakespeare&#8217;s <I>That time of year thou mayst in me behold</I> <p>"The Solace of Solitude"&#58; Place and Peace in W. B.Yeats&#8217;s<I> The Lake Isle of Innisfree</I> and Lorine Niedecker&#8217;s <I>My Life by Water</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>15. Figurative Language&#58; <I>Wondering What This Has to Do with That<p></B></I>Simile<BR><B><BR>Julie Moulds,</B><I> </I>From<I> Wedding Iva<BR></I><B><BR>Langston Hughes,</B><I> Harlem<p></I>Metaphor<BR><B><BR>Dennis Brutus,</B><I> Nightsong&#58; City<p></I>Personification<BR><I><BR></I><B>Angelina Weld Grimke,</B><I> A Winter Twilight<p></I>Metonymy And Synecdoche<BR><B><BR>Edwin Arlington Robinson</B><I>, Richard Cory<p></I>Two Other Observations about Figures<BR><I><BR></I><B>William Stafford,</B><I> Traveling through the Dark<p></I>CHECKLIST on Reading for Figurative Language<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>John Keats,</B><I> To Autumn<p></I>*<B>Mary Oliver,</B><I> First Snow<BR></I><B><BR>Judith Ortiz Cofer,</B><I> Cold as Heaven<BR></I><B><BR>Geoffrey Hill,</B><I> In Memory Of Jane Fraser<BR></I><B><BR>Julia Alvarez,</B><I> How I Learned to Sweep<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Figurative Language<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Innocence and Experience"&#58; Confrontations with Evil in Julia Alvarez&#8217;s <I>How I Learned to Sweep</I> and William Blake&#8217;s<I> The Chimney Sweeper <p></I>"A Joyful Melancholy"&#58; Nature and Beauty in Mary Oliver&#8217;s <I>First Snow</I> and William Wordsworth&#8217;s <I>I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud <p></I>"Knowing Deep the Seasons"&#58; Antitheses of Life in John Keats&#8217;s <I>To Autumn</I> and William Carlos Williams&#8217;s <I>Spring and All</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>16. Rhythm and Meter&#58; <I>Feeling the Beat, the Flux, and the Flow<p></B></I>Rhythm<BR><I><BR></I><B>e. e. cummings,</B><I> Buffalo Bill&#8217;s <p></I>Meter<BR><I><BR></I><B>Paul Laurence Dunbar,</B><I> We Wear the Mask<p></I>CHECKLIST on Reading for Rhythm and Meter<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>Lucille Clifton,</B><I> at the cemetery, walnut grove plantation, south carolina, 1989<p></I><B>Lorna Dee Cervantes,</B><I> Freeway 280<BR></I><B><BR>Robert Frost,</B><I> The Road Not Taken<p></I><B>Naomi Shihab Nye,</B><I> The Small Vases From Hebron<BR></I><B><BR>A. K. Ramanujan,</B><I> Self-portrait<BR></I><B><BR>Emily Dickinson,</B><I> I&#8217;m Nobody! Who are you?<BR></I><B><BR>Sylvia Plath,</B><I> Metaphors<BR></I><B><BR>Georgia Douglas Johnson,</B><I> Wishes<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Rhythm and Meter<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Grief beyond Grief"&#58; Dealing with Death in Ben Jonson&#8217;s<I> On My First Son</I> and Michael S. Harper&#8217;s <I>Nightmare Begins Responsibility</I> <p>"Remembering the Unremembered"&#58; The Language of Preservation in Lucille Clifton&#8217;s <I>at the cemetery, walnut grove plantation, south carolina, 1989</I> and Thomas Gray&#8217;s <I>Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard</I> <p>"On the Road Again"&#58; The Search for Self in Lorna Dee Cervante&#8217;s <I>Freeway 280</I> and Alfred, Lord Tennyson&#8217;s <I>Ulysses<p></I><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>17. Writing about Poetry&#58; <I>Applying What You&#8217;ve Learned<p></B></I>Topics<p>Development<p>A Student Writer at Work&#58; Dan Carter on the Writing Process<p><B>Student Paper&#58;</B> Dan Carter, &#210;A Slant on the Standard Love Sonnet&#211;<p><B>18. A Theme in Depth&#58; <I>Explicating the Everyday<p></B></I>*<B>Julia Alvarez,</B><I> Ironing Their Clothes<p></I>*<B>Laure-Anne Bosselaar,</B><I> Bench in Aix-en-Provence<p></I>*<B>Lucille Clifton,</B><I> Cutting Greens<p></I>*<B>Billy Collins,</B><I> Days<p></I>*<B>Emily Dickinson,</B><I> I heard a Fly buzz<p></I><B>Rita Dove,</B><I> The Satisfaction Coal Company<p></I><B>Robert Frost,</B><I> Mending Wall<p></I>*<B>Christopher Gilbert,</B><I> Touching<p></I>*<B>Ben Jonson,</B><I> Inviting a Friend to Supper<p></I>*<B>Ted Kooser,</B><I> Applesauce<p></I>*<B>Li-Young Lee,</B><I> Braiding<p></I>*<B>Denise Levertov,</B><I> The Acolyte<p></I>*<B>Pablo Neruda </B>(Chile),<I> Ode to French Fires<p></I><B>Naomi Shihab Nye,</B><I> The Small Vases from Hebron<p></I><B>Simon Ortiz,</B><I> Speaking<p></I>*<B>Jack Ridl,</B><I> Love Poem<p></I>*<B>Len Roberts,</B><I> At the Train Tracks<p></I>*<B>William Stafford,</B><I> Notice What This Poem Is Not Doing<p></I>*<B>Mary Tallmountain, </B><I>Peeling Pippins<p></I>*<B>Nancy Willard,</B><I> The Potato Picker<p></I>*<B>William Carlos Williams,</B><I> The Is Just to Say</I><p>*<B>William Wordsworth,</B><I> I wandered lonely as a cloud<p></I>*<B>Jeff Gundy,</B><I> A Review of </I>Delights and Shadows<I> by Ted Kooser<p></I>*<B>Sarah Jensen,</B><I> A Review of </I>Broken Symmetry<I> by Jack Ridl<p></I>*<B>William Stafford,</B><I> The Importance of the Trivial<p></I>*<B>Louis Simpson,</B><I> </I>from<I> Important and Unimportant Poems<p></I>*<B>Bill Moyers,</B><I> An Interview with Naomi Shihab Nye<p></I>*<B>Ted Kooser,</B><I> Out of the Ordinary<p></I>*<B>Paul Lake,</B><I> The Malady of the Quotidian<p></I>*<B>Donna A. Rohrer,</B><I> William Carlos Williams&#8217;s Poetics&#58; Turning the Ordinary into the Beautiful<p></I><B>19. A Collection of Poems&#58; <I>Valuing a Variety of Voices<BR></B><BR></I><B>Ai,</B><I> Why Can&#8217;t I Leave You?<p></I><B>Agha Shahid Ali,</B><I> I Dream It Is Afternoon When I Return To Delhi<p></I><B>Anonymous,</B><I> Sir Patrick Spens<p></I>*<B>Margaret Atwood,</B><I> True Stories<BR></I><B><BR>W. H. Auden,</B><I> Mus&#381;e Des Beaux Arts<p></I><B>Joseph Awad,</B><I> Autumnal<BR></I><B><BR>Jimmy Santiago Baca,</B><I> Family Ties<p></I><B>Jim Barnes,</B><I> Return To La Plata, Missouri<p></I><B>Gerald Barrax,</B><I> Dara<p></I><B>Elizabeth Bishop, </B><I>In the Waiting Room<p></I><B>William Blake, </B><I>The Chimney Sweeper<BR></I><B><BR>Peter Blue Cloud,</B><I> Rattle<p></I><B>Eavan Boland,</B><I> The Pomegranate<BR></I><B><BR>Anne Bradstreet,</B><I> To My Dear and Loving Husband<p></I><B>Sterling Brown,</B><I> Riverbank Blues<BR></I><B><BR>Elizabeth Barrett Browning,</B><I> How do I love thee? Let me count the ways<p></I>*<B>Anthony Butts, </B><I>Ferris Wheel<p></I>*<B>Ana Castillo,</B><I> I Heard the Cries of Two Hundred Children<p></I><B>Sandra Castillo, </B><I>Exile<p></I><B>Rosemary Catacalos, </B><I>David Talam&#8225;ntez on the Last Day of Second Grade<p></I>*<B>Tina Chang,</B><I> Origin & Ash<p></I><B>Marilyn Chin,</B><I> Turtle Soup<p></I><B>Samuel Taylor Coleridge,</B><I> Kubla Khan<BR></I><B><BR>Jayne Cortez,</B><I> Into This Time<p></I><B>Victor Hernandez Cruz,</B><I> Problems with Hurricanes<p></I><B>e. e. cummings, </B><I>in Just &#8212; <p></I><B>Keki N. Daruwalla,</B><I> Pestilence<p></I><B>Toi Derricotte,</B><I> A Note on My Son&#8217;s Face<p></I><B>Emily Dickinson,</B><I> Because I could not stop for death<p></I><B>Emily Dickinson,</B><I> Much Madness is divinest Sense<p></I><B>Ana Doina,</B><I> The Extinct Homeland &#8212; A Conversation with Czeslaw Milosz<p></I>*<B>John Donne,</B><I> Death, be not proud<p></I><B>Mark Doty,</B><I> Tiara<BR></I><B><BR>Cornelius Eady,</B><I> My Mother, If She Had Won Free Dance Lessons<p></I><B>T. S. Eliot,</B><I> The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock<p></I><B>Louise Erdrich,</B><I> A Love Medicine<p></I><B>Mart&#8217;n Espada,</B><I> The Saint Vincent de Paul Food Pantry Stomp<BR></I><B><BR>Sandra Mar&#8217;a Esteves,</B><I> A la Mujer Borrinque&#8211;a<p></I><B>Carolyn Forche,</B><I> The Colonel<p></I>*<B>Vievee Francis,</B><I> Private Smith&#8217;s Primer<p></I><B>Allen Ginsburg,</B><I> A Supermarket in California<p></I><B>Nikki Giovanni,</B><I> Nikka-Rosa<p></I><B>Ray Gonzalez,</B><I> Praise the Tortilla, Praise the Menudo, Praise the Chorizo<p></I><B>Thomas Gray,</B><I> Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<p></I><B>Kimiko Hahn,</B><I> Mother&#8217;s Mother<p></I>*<B>Donald Hall,</B><I> The Names of Horses<BR></I><B><BR>Michael S. Harper, </B><I>Nightmare Begins Responsibility<BR></I><B><BR>Samuel Hazo,</B><I> For Fawzi in Jerusalem<p></I><B>Seamus Heaney,</B><I> Digging<p></I><B>George Herbert,</B><I> The Pulley<p></I><B>David Hernandez,</B><I> The Butterfly Effect<p></I><B>Robert Herrick,</B><I> To the Virgins to Make Much of Time<BR></I><B><BR>Linda Hogan,</B><I> The History Of Red<BR></I><B><BR>A. E. Housman, </B><I>To an Athlete Dying Young<p></I>*<B>Langston Hughes,</B><I> Theme for English B<BR></I><B><BR>Lawson Fusao Inada, </B><I>Plucking Out a Rhythm<p></I>*<B>Honoree Fanonne Jeffers,</B><I> Outlandish Blues (The Movie)<p></I><B>Ben Jonson,</B><I> On My First Son <p></I>*<B>A. Van Jordan,</B><I> From<p></I><B>John Keats,</B><I> Ode on a Grecian Urn<p></I>*<B>Jane Kenyon, </B><I>From Room to Room<BR></I><B><BR>Galway Kinnell, </B><I>Saint Francis and the Sow<p></I><B>Etheridge Knight, </B><I>Hard Rock Returns to Prison from the Hospital for the Criminal Insane<p></I>*<B>Stanley Kunitz, </B><I>Father and Son<p></I>*<B>Gerry La Femina,</B><I> The Sound a Body Makes<p></I><B>Li-young Lee,</B><I> Visions and Interpretations<p></I><B>Philip Levine, </B><I>What Work Is<p></I>*<B>Timothy Liu, </B><I>The Garden<p></I><B>Audre Lorde,</B><I> Hanging Fire<p></I><B>Richard Lovelace, </B><I>To Lucasta, Going to the Wars<p></I><B>Robert Lowell,</B><I> Skunk Hour<p></I>*<B>Medbh McGuckian,</B><I> On Ballycastle Beach<BR></I><B><BR>Heather McHugh,</B><I> What He Thought<BR></I><B><BR>Claude McKay,</B><I> America<BR></I><B><BR>Christopher Marlowe,</B><I> The Passionate Shepherd to His Love<p></I><B>Andrew Marvell,</B><I> To His Coy Mistress<p></I><B>Orlando Ricardo Menes, </B><I>Letter to Mirta Y&#8225;&#8211;ez<BR></I><B><BR>John Milton,</B><I> When I consider how my light is spent<p></I><B>Janice Mirikitani,</B><I> For a Daughter Who Leaves<BR></I><B><BR>Marianne Moore,</B><I> Poetry<p></I><B>Robert Morgan,</B><I> Mountain Bride<p></I>*<B>Thylias Moss,</B><I> The Lynching<p></I><B>Duane Niatum,</B><I> First Spring<p></I>*<B>Lorine Niedecker,</B><I> My Life by Water<BR></I><B><BR>Dwight Okita,</B><I> In Response to Executive Order 9066<p></I>*<B>William Olsen,</B><I> The Fold-Out Atlas of the Human Body&#58; A Three-Dimensional Book for Readers of All Ages<p></I><B>Michael Ondaatje,</B><I> Biography<p></I><B>Ricadro Pau-llosa,</B><I> Years of Exile<p></I><B>Gustavo Perez Firmat,</B><I> Jose Conseco Breaks Our Hearts Again<p></I>*<B>Lucy Perillo,</B><I> Air Guitar<p></I>*<B>Carl Phillips,</B><I> To the Tune of a Small, Repeatable, and Passing Kindness<p></I><B>Wang Ping,</B><I> Opening the Face<p></I><B>Robert Pinsky, </B><I>Shirt<p></I><B>Sylvia Plath, </B><I>Daddy<p></I><B>Sir Walter Raleigh,</B><I> The Nymph&#8217;s Reply to the Shepherd<p></I><B>Dudley Randall,</B><I> Ballad of Birmingham<p></I>*<B>Mary Ruefle,</B><I> Naked Ladies<p></I><B>Adrienne Rich,</B><I> Diving into the Wreck<BR></I><B><BR>Alberto R&#8217;os,</B><I> Nani<p></I><B>Wendy Rose,</B><I> Loo-wit<BR></I><B><BR>Sonia Sanchez, </B><I>An Anthem <p></I><B>Cheryl Savageau,</B><I> Bones &#8212; A City Poem<p></I><B>Vijay Seshadri,</B><I> The Refugee<p></I>*<B>William Shakespeare,</B><I> Shall I compare thee to a summer&#8217;s day?<p></I><B>Percy Bysshe Shelley, </B><I>Ozymandias<p></I>*<B>Charles Simic,</B><I> Classic Ballroom Dances<p></I><B>Cathy Song,</B><I> Girl Powdering Her Neck<p></I><B>Gary Soto, </B><I>The Elements of San Joaquin<p></I><B>Edmund Spenser, </B><I>One day I wrote her name upon the strand<p></I><B>Wallace Stevens,</B><I> The Emperor of Ice Cream<p></I>*<B>Mark Strand, </B><I>Eating Poetry<p></I>*<B>Virgil Su&#8225;rez, </B><I>Tea Leaves, Caracoles, Coffee Beans<p></I><B>Alfred, Lord Tennyson, </B><I>Ulysses<BR></I><B><BR>Dylan Thomas,</B><I> Do not go gentle into that good night<BR></I><B><BR>Jean Toomer, </B><I>Face<p></I><B>Quincy Troupe,</B><I> Poem for the Root Doctor of Rock &#8217;n&#8217; Roll<p></I><B>Gerald Vizenor,</B><I> Shaman Breaks<p></I><B>Derek Walcott,</B><I> Sea Grapes<BR></I><B><BR>James Welch,</B><I> Christmas Comes to Moccasin Flat<p></I>*<B>Patricia Jabbeh Wesley,</B><I> Becoming Ebony<p></I><B>Roberta Hill Whiteman,</B><I> The White Land<p></I><B>Walt Whitman, </B>From<I> Song of Myself<BR></I><B><BR>Richard Wilbur,</B><I> Love Calls Us to the Things of This World<p></I><B>William Carlos Williams, </B><I>Spring and All<p></I><B>Nellie Wong,</B><I> Grandmother&#8217;s Song<p></I>*<B>William Wordsworth, </B><I>I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud<BR></I><B><BR>Sir Thomas Wyatt,</B><I> They flee from me<p></I><B>John Yau,</B><I> Chinese Villanelle<p></I><B>William Butler Yeats,</B><I> The Second Coming<p></I><B>Al Young,</B><I> A Dance for Ma Rainy<p></I><B>Ray A. Young Bear, </B><I>Green Threatening Clouds<p></I>Reading Poems in Translation<p>Poems in Translation<BR><I><BR></I><B>Anna Akhmatova</B><I> </I>(Russia)<I>, Song of the Last Meeting<p></I><B>Yehuda Amichai </B>(Israel)<I>, Wildpeace<p></I><B>Reza Baraheni </B>(Iran)<I>, Autumn in Tehran <p></I><B>Jorge Luis Borges </B>(Argentina)<I>, The Other Tiger <BR></I><B><BR>Julia De Burgos </B>(Puerto Rico)<I>, Returning<p></I><B>Bei Dao </B>(China)<I>, Night&#58; Theme and Variations<p></I><B>Faiz Ahmed Faiz </B>(Pakistan)<I>, A Prison Daybreak <p></I><B>Nazim Hikmet </B>(Turkey)<I>, Letters from a Man in Solitary<p></I><B>Miroslav Holub</B><I> </I>(Czech Republic)<I>, Elementary School Field Trip to the Dinosaur Exhibit<p></I><B>Taslima Nasrin </B>(Bangladesh)<I>, Things Cheaply Had<p></I><B>Pablo Neruda</B><I> </I>(Chile)<I>, The Dead Woman<p></I><B>Octavio Paz </B>(Mexico)<I>, The Street<p></I><B>Dahlia Ravikovitch</B><I> </I>(Israel)<I>, Clockwork Doll<BR></I><B><BR>Masaoka Siki </B>(Japan)<I>, Haiku<p></I><B>Wislawa Szymborska </B>(Poland)<I>, On Death, without Exaggeration<p></I><B>Xu Gang</B><I> </I>(China)<I>, Red Azalea on the Cliff<p></I>PART IV. APPROACHING DRAMA<p><B>20. Reading Drama&#58; <I>Participating in a Playful Pretence<p></B></I>What Is Drama?<p>Why Read Drama?<p>Active Reading&#58; Drama <p>Rereading Drama<p><B>21. Character, Conflict, and Dramatic Action&#58; <I>Thinking about Who Does What to Whom and Why<BR></B><BR></I>*<B>Kelly Stuart,</B><I> The New New<p></I>Character<p>Dialogue<p>Conflict<p>Dramatic Action<p>CHECKLIST for Reading about Character, Conflict, and Dramatic Action<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I>*<B>Cusi Cram, </B><I>West of Stupid<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Character, Conflict, and Dramatic Action<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"Souls for Sale"&#58; The Cost of Devaluing Values in Kelly Stuart&#8217;s <I>The New New</I> and Arthur Miller&#8217;s <I>Death of a Salesman <p></I>"Death Draws Near"&#58; The Imminence of Mortality in Cusi Cram&#8217;s <I>West of Stupid</I> and David Henry Hwang&#8217;s <I>As the Crow Flies<p></I>"Spinning Out of Control"&#58; The Search for Meaning in John Guare&#8217;s <I>Woman at a Threshold, Beckoning </I>and William Shakespeare&#8217;s <I>Hamlet</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>22. Setting and Structure&#58; <I>Examining Where, When, and How It Happens<p></B></I>Setting<BR><B><BR>Susan Glaspell,</B><I> Trifles<p></I>Structure<p>CHECKLIST for Reading about Setting and Structure<p>Further Reading<BR><I><BR></I><B>David Ives,</B><I> Sure Thing<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Setting and Structure <p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"By a Higher Standard"&#58; The Conflict of Law and Justice in Susan Glaspell&#8217;s <I>Trifles</I> and Sophocles&#8217;s <I>Antigone</I> <p>"Living on a smile and a handshake"&#58; Seling Yourself in David Ive&#8217;s <I>Sure Thing</I> and Arthur Miller&#8217;s <I>Death of a Salesman<BR></I><BR>"Serving Time in Invisible Prisons"&#58; Social Entrapments in Henrik Ibsen&#8217;s <I>A Doll House</I> and August Wilson&#8217;s <I>Fences</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>23. Theaters and Their Influence&#58; <I>Imagining the Impact of Stage and Space<p></B></I>The Greek Theater <p>The Elizabethan Theater<p>The Modern Theater<p>The Contemporary Theater <p>CHECKLIST for Reading about Theaters and Their Influence<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>David Henry Hwang,</B><I> As the Crow Flies<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Theaters and Their Influence<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"I Gotta Be Me"&#58; Identity and Inter-relationships in John Leguizamo&#8217;s <I>Mambo Mouth&#58; A Savage Comedy</I> and David Ive&#8217;s <I>Sure Thing<p></I>"Dogs Eating Dogs"&#58; The Dramatic Depiction of Racial Oppression in John Leguizamo&#8217;s <I>Mambo Mouth&#58; A Savage Comedy</I> and Suzan-Lori Park&#8217;s <I>Topdog/Underdog<p></I>"Fathers and Sons"&#58; Familial Conflict in William Shakespeare&#8217;s <I>Hamlet</I> and August Wilson&#8217;s <I>Fences</I> <p><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>24. Dramatic Types and Their Effects&#58; <I>Getting into Genres<p></B></I>Tragedy<p>Comedy<p>Three Other Dramatic Types<p>CHECKLIST on Reading about Dramatic Types and Their Effects<p>Further Reading<BR><B><BR>John Leguizamo, </B>From<I> Mambo Mouth&#58; A Savage Comedy<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Journal Entries<p>Literary Analysis Papers<p>Comparison-Contrast Papers<BR><B><BR>TIPS on Writing about Dramatic Types and Their Effects<p>Writing About Connections<p></B>"The Haunted Heart"&#58; The Presence and Significance of Ghosts in David Henry Hwang&#8217;s <I>As the Crow Flies</I> and William Shakespeare&#8217;s <I>Hamlet<p></I>"A House Divided"&#58; Tyranny vs. Freedom in a Tragedy &#8212; Sophocle&#8217;s <I>Antigone</I> &#8212; and a Problem Play &#8212; Henrik Ibsen&#8217;s <I>A Doll House<BR></I><BR>"Everyone Loses"&#58; The Games People Play in Suzan-Lori Parks&#8217;s <I>Topdog/Underdog</I> and Arthur Miller&#8217;s <I>Death of a Salesman<p></I><B>Writing Research Papers<p>Composing in Other Art Forms<p>25. Writing about Drama&#58; <I>Applying What You&#8217;ve Learned<p></B></I>Topics<p>Development<p>A Student Writer at Work&#58; Julian Hinson on the Writing Process<p><B>Student Paper&#58;</B> Julian Hinson, &#210;When the New is Old in <I>The New New</I>&#211;<p><B>26. A Form in Depth&#58; <I>August Wilson&#8217;s </I>Fences<I>&#58; Wrestling with One Writer&#8217;s Work</I> <BR></B><BR><B>August Wilson,</B> <I>Fences<BR></I><BR>*Reviews and Photos of <I>Fences<BR></I><BR>*<B>Lloyd Richards,</B><I> </I>Fences&#58;<I> Introduction<BR></I><BR>*<B>Clive Barnes,</B><I> Fiery </I>Fences [a Review*<p>*<B>Frank Rich,</B><I> Family Ties in Wilson&#8217;s </I>Fences<p>*<B>Bonnie Lyons,</B><I> An Interview with August Wilson<BR></I><BR>*<B>Miles Marshall Lewis,</B><I> Miles Marshall Lewis Talks with August Wilson<BR></I><BR>*<B>Missy Dehn Kubitschek,</B><I> August Wilson&#8217;s Gender Lesson<BR></I><BR>*<B>Harry J. Elam, Jr.,</B><I> August Wilson<BR></I><BR>*<B>Suson Koprince,</B><I> Baseball as History and Myth in August Wilson&#8217;s </I>Fences<p><B>27. A Collection of Plays&#58; <I>Viewing</I> <I>from a Variety of Vantage Points<p></B></I>*<B>Sophocles,</B><I> Antigone<p></I>*<B>William Shakespeare,</B><I> Hamlet<p></I><B>Henrik Ibsen,</B><I> A Doll House<p></I><B>Arthur Miller, </B><I>Death of a Salesman<p></I>*<B>Suzan-Lori Parks,</B><I> Topdog/Underdog<p></I>*<B>John Guare,</B><I> Woman at a Threshold, Beckoning<p></I><B>Responding Through Writing<BR></B><BR>Papers Using No Outside Sources<p>Papers Using Limited Outside Sources<p>Papers Involving Further Research<p>PART V. APPROACHING LITERARY RESEARCH<p><B>28. Reading Critical Essays&#58; <I>Listening to the Larger Conversation<p></B></I>What Are Critical Essays?<p>Why Read Critical Essays?<p>Active Reading&#58; Critical Essays <p>Sample Essay<BR><I><BR></I><B>Susan Farrell,</B><I> "Fight vs. Flight&#58; A Re-evaluation of Dee in Alice Walker&#8217;s &#8216;Everyday Use&#8217;"<p></I>Rereading Critical Essays<p><B>29. Writing a Literary Research Paper&#58; <I>Incorporating the Larger Conversation<p></B></I>Topics<p>Types of Research and Sources<p>Conducting Research on Contemporary Literature<p>Finding Sources and Creating a Working Bibliography<p>Research on Contemporary Literature<p>Evaluating Sources<p>Taking Notes<p>Developing Your Paper and Thesis<p>Incorporating Sources<p>Avoiding Plagiarism<p>Documention Sources&#58; MLA Style<p>Preparing a Works Cited Page<p>A Student Writer at Work&#58; Kristina Martinez on the Research Process<p><B>Student Paper&#58;</B> Kristina Martinez, "The Structure of Story in Toni Morrison&#8217;s &#8216;Recitatif&#8217;"<p><B>Biographical Sketches<p>Appendix on Scansion<p>Approaching Critical Theory <p>Glossary of Literary Terms<p>Index of Authors and Titles <p></B> <p><p>* new to this edition<p>